Vaccines in America have led to the eradication of transmissible infections and the reduction of vaccine preventable diseases among all age groups. Vaccines are important to the safety and welfare of our nation because vaccines produce immunity from infectious diseases. When most of the American population is vaccinated against COVID-19 and other transmittable diseases, herd or community immunity can slow disease transmission, including protection against the disease among persons who have not received the vaccines, and reduce the risk at-large of severe infections and adverse consequences of those diseases.

This study was done to synthesize current evidence in determining the best practice for improving the cultural competence of undergraduate nursing students towards the LGBT population. This integrative review included a systematic literature search of 12 databases. The analysis revealed a total of 14 resources to be of the highest level and quality. It was concluded that a multi-method approach including formal educational strategies, contact with LGBT individuals and interactive experiences may best improve nursing students' LGBT cultural competence.

Breast cancer is the number two leading cause of death in women all over the world and is often associated with poor quality of life (QOL). The positive and negative QOL factors influence the overall health and well-being of those affected with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). This literature review was structured to identify and understand both the positive and negative QOL factors throughout breast cancer treatment, as well as post breast cancer treatment. Systemic searches were done of three databases to gather data in breast cancer treatment from 2010-2015. Results identified the positive and negative factors associated with the QOL in relation to breast cancer treatment. The most prevalent positive QOL factors included patient expectations, decreased side effects, and increased survival rate. The most prevalent negative QOL factors included treatment, specific side effects and decreased quality of life. This review may guide healthcare professionals in incorporating new practices and identifying the best regimen to improving QOL. The positive and negative QOL factors, in relation to treatment, are important because they help healthcare professionals understand how those factors impact the overall health and well-being of individuals with IDC.

The purpose of this study is to build a grounded theory of the process of diagnosis, treatment, and coping in African-American women diagnosed with stage 1-3 breast cancer, and identifying factors that may lead to resiliency in these women. Factors promoting resiliency identified by the participants included having a voice, self-attunement, spirituality, pragmatism, and keeping positive. Based on the findings, the researchers suggest health care providers work to create patient-centered healthcare,facilities for cancer treatment, validate patient self-agency, encourage communion, and hire staff that have been previously diagnosed with breast cancer to act as mentors.

Worldwide, in developed and underdeveloped coun- tries, breast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer among women with approximately 1.3 million diagnoses annu- ally. In like manner, it is the most commonly occurring type of cancer among women in the United States. With higher rates of breast cancer mortality, African- American women (AAW) and Afro-Caribbean women (ACW) remain at the forefront of concerns regarding suboptimal breast health outcomes, when compared to their Caucasian counterparts. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of a spiritually-guided inter- vention on breast self-care attitudes. One hundred seventeen Afro-Caribbean women aged 30 and older participated. This report presents the qualitative findings of a larger mixed-meth- ods approach. Three major themes emerged from the data: (a) breached credibility, (b) generational silence, and

Cultural and Linguistic Competence (CALC) involves the idea that to eliminate long standing disparities in our society, providers need to be able to work effectively cross- culturally. This study describes the evaluation of a 3.5 hour CALC training with the objective of improving human service providers' knowledge, attitudes, and comfort in serving diverse groups. Pre- and post-training questionnaires were completed by 317 participants at 21 trainings in a state in which over 90% of the population is white. Participants' knowledge, attitudes and comfort in CALC significantly improved. However, gains in comfort using CALC strategies were smaller than anticipated. Implications for improving CALC trainings and future research are discussed.

This research was conducted to identify the acculturation and health behaviors in the African Immigrant population, which is presently living in the United States. Ten studies met the criteria and included health behaviors of status, access to health care, psychiatric services, prostate cancer, morbidity and mortality, HIV knowledge and beliefs, perceptions of suicide, smoking, and obesity. Acculturation was measured using the most common social constructs that influenced the health behaviors of nativity, English (language proficiency), age at immigration, education and socioeconomic status, religion, age at immigration, and length of stay in the U.S. More research is needed to assist in prioritizing the health conditions that need intervention in serving this particular population.

Critical thinking is essential in the practice of the nurse generalist, today. Nursing faculty is frequently trying to identify teaching strategies in promoting critical thinking and engaging students in active learning. To close the gap between critical thinking and student success, a school in the south east United States implemented the use of the 'think like a nurse initiative" for incoming junior nursing students. Faculty collaborated to adopt the fundamental and essential nursing concepts for nursing students to support thinking like a nurse.

Ethnic minorities in the United States have a higher prevalence of obesity, with higher levels reported in Latinos/Hispanics. A qualitative study was done to understand perceptions of obesity and identify factors that may enhance the attractiveness of a behavioral weight-loss intervention in the Latino community. Weight loss trials designed to target the Latino/Hispanic population may benefit by considering the Latino/Hispanic perception of the problem, the barriers to weight loss, and for study participation that may be specific to this population.

Global health issues are concerns of all public health officials throughout the world. This entails reviewing aspects such as the impact of poverty and the lack of access to quality health care, ignored global killers such as Diseases (Infectious diseases-Malaria, HIV/AIDS), Natural Disasters (Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Floods, and Armed Conflict), Health in the Media, and the Involvement of Pharmaceutical Corporations and Medical Research. These issues are challenges to many needless deaths. Global initiatives are not advancing as they should, such as access to drugs and medications, which some are political.