The primary renal chondroblastic variant of osteosarcoma is an exceedingly rare and aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis. This report details the case of a 40-year-old female presenting with flank pain diagnosed with primary renal osteosarcoma. We outline the clinical, radiological, and histopathological features of this tumor, along with current therapeutic strategies.

Asthma in older adults represents a growing and underrecognized clinical challenge, characterized by increased morbidity, mortality, and complex immunological alterations associated with aging. Although the global literature on asthma immunopathogenesis continues to expand rapidly, particularly in the areas of immunosenescence, inflammaging, and biomarker discovery, a focused synthesis of innate immune mechanisms specific to older populations remains limited. Epidemiological data indicate that asthma prevalence in individuals aged≥60 years ranges from 4% to 13%, yet this group accounts for a disproportionate share of asthma-related mortality. Age-associated physiological changes, comorbidities, and frequent underdiagnosis contribute to poorer outcomes. Emerging evidence from academic research centers highlights profound age-related alterations in epithelial integrity, neutrophil and macrophage function, cytokine regulation, and innate immune receptor signaling, resulting in asthma phenotypes that differ fundamentally from those seen in younger patients. In parallel, advances in biomarker research (including inflammatory mediators, cellular signatures, and epigenetic markers) offer new opportunities for improved phenotyping and precision management in elderly asthma. This mini-review synthesizes contemporary findings from reputable academic studies to summarize key innate immune alterations and candidate biomarkers relevant to asthma in older adults. By consolidating current evidence within a rapidly evolving field, this review aims to provide a clinically meaningful framework for researchers and clinicians seeking to better understand immune aging in asthma and to guide future investigation and targeted therapeutic strategies.

In the article titled "Latent Trajectories and Regional Differences in Carbon Monoxide Mortality Across Provinces of Iran," published in Arch Iran Med. August 2025;28(8):432-442(doi:10.34172/aim.34565), the affiliation of Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari should be updated to the following: Air Quality and Climate Change Research Center, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. This correction has now been updated in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article.

West syndrome (WS) is a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy of infancy, defined by the triad of epileptic spasms, hypsarrhythmic electroencephalography, and developmental delay. Recent limited studies have suggested that the RYR3 gene is involved in the pathogenesis of WS. Our study presents an Iranian patient with WS and aims to provide further evidence to support the role of RYR3 variants in this condition. The proband was a male patient aged 2 years and 2 months with drug-resistant epileptic spasms and developmental regression. Trio-based whole-exome sequencing (Trio-WES) was conducted, and a novel de novo heterozygous variant in RYR3 (NM_001036.6: c.4112T>C, p.Leu1371Pro) was identified in the proband. The variant was not found in population databases, and bioinformatics analyses also predicted the deleterious impact of the variant. This study describes a novel RYR3 variant in a patient with WS, supporting a potential pathogenic role for RYR3 in early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. Therefore, it should be considered during the genetic assessment of unexplained WS cases.

Gastrointestinal cancers encompass a range of malignancies, including esophageal, gastric, esophagogastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, and intestinal cancers. Considering the prevalence of these cancers, alongside their fatal nature, and the nonspecific symptoms that often arise in the advanced stages, developing a non-invasive screening/diagnostic method capable of detecting cancer early is in high demand. Exhaled breath serves as an accessible source of biomarkers, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a promising type of diagnostic marker. This method requires a sample as small as five breaths. Exhaled breath analysis is conducted using different mass spectrometry methods coupled with nano sensors or neural networks. Furthermore, innovative devices like electronic noses have also shown great promise in diagnosing different types of cancers. These biomarkers show potential in reliably differentiating between healthy individuals and cancer patients. Additionally, these compounds can be utilized for cancer staging and monitoring treatment response. However, certain fallbacks persist in differentiating malignant from pre-malignant conditions. Despite the promise of this diagnostic approach, certain limitations, such as variations in VOC profiles across different populations, lack of standardized collection protocols, and absence of established universal reference standards, underscore the need for proper standardization and large-scale, multi-center validation studies.