This preregistered study investigated whether induced electric fields alone could predict human perception thresholds in magnetic stimulation. Using a figure-of-eight magnetic coil placed on the forearm, perception thresholds were collected from 24 healthy participants using the method of adjustment in 12 stimulation conditions. Subject-fitted, anatomically realistic forearm models were constructed from a set of 10 MRI-based models. Induced electric fields were computed using the finite element method with probabilistic tissue conductivities and post-processed using spatial averaging and percentiles. Linear mixed-effects modelling showed that the perception threshold was 32.2 V/m (SD between subjects 5.2 V/m) for a damped sinusoidal magnetic pulse with 83 μ s phase duration. This threshold value was determined by spatial averaging over a cube with a side length of 2 mm and taking the 99th percentile of the electric field within the modelled forearms. However, the induced electric field did not fully explain the perception threshold (adjusted R 2 = 0.48; permutation testing, p < 0.001). We also conducted a supplementary modelling study, retrospectively analysing previous literature results to allow for direct comparison with our findings. These results showed that simplified calculations of the threshold electric field, obtained by modelling the forearm as a uniform cylinder, need to be scaled by a factor of 1.4 to align with the 99th percentile electric field calculated with anatomically realistic models. Both our experimental results and the modelling provide data to inform the refinement of safety guidelines.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure on glucose metabolism-related hormonal and oxidative stress markers. Twenty-three male Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to three groups: sham-control (n = 7), PEMF (n = 8), and PEMF + vitamin C (n = 8). The PEMF and PEMF + vitamin C groups were exposed to a pulsed magnetic field at 50 Hz and 1.5 mT for 4 h daily over 4 weeks. Vitamin C (250 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to the PEMF + vitamin C group. Serum and tissue levels of insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant capacity (TOC) were measured. Histopathological evaluations of brain, liver, and pancreatic tissues were also performed. Serum glucose, insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, SIRT1, TAC, and TOC levels did not differ significantly among the experimental groups. Gastric TAC levels were significantly higher in the PEMF + vitamin C group. In renal tissue, insulin levels were significantly elevated only in the PEMF + vitamin C group. PEMF exposure did not induce systemic biochemical changes in healthy rats but elicited tissue-specific biochemical responses, particularly in gastric tissue. These findings suggest that PEMF may modulate glucose-related endocrine and redox pathways at the gastrointestinal level without causing structural tissue damage. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00-00, 2026. © 2026 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Tumor treating fields (TTFields) is a non-invasive therapeutic technology that disrupts mitotic division via intermediate-frequency alternating electric fields. For non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at 150 kHz, complex thoracic anatomy and heterogeneous tissue properties often hinder the attainment of the therapeutic threshold (≥ 1 V/cm). To overcome this, high-fidelity Duke (male) and Ella (female) anatomical models were employed for full-wave simulations. The coordinated deployment of orthogonal transducer arrays (AP-20, LR-20, LR-13) with sex-specific tuning substantially enhanced electric-field coverage in the lower and lateral lung regions. Furthermore, modifying lung dielectric parameters by 20% demonstrated that these configurations maintain stable therapeutic coverage, exhibiting robustness against potential physiological or pathological variations. To provide an experimental foundation, in vivo murine measurements were conducted. Rather than attempting to replicate deep spatial complexities of the human body, these experiments served as a translational bridge to validate macroscopic voltage transfer efficiency and system-level losses. By introducing a physically derived correction factor (Roi) to account for voltage delivery drops, statistical analyses confirmed a high agreement between simulated and in vivo datasets, verifying the reliability of the computational framework. Regarding safety, the computed electrode-skin current density remained strictly below 31 mA/cm[2], which, alongside built-in clinical hardware temperature limits, effectively mitigates the risk of thermal and stimulation-induced injuries. Ultimately, this optimized strategy provides a complementary, independent physical modality that integrates bioelectromagnetic modeling with preclinical validation, offering a reliable theoretical reference to facilitate individualized NSCLC treatment planning.

When studying high dilutions, we concluded that the main role in their activity is played by the vibrational effect accompanying the dilution of the initial substance during their preparation. This concept served as the basis for developing a novel "crossing" technology, in which the initial substance and a neutral carrier (water or lactose), placed in separate, closely spaced vials, are subjected to joint vibrational processing. Consequently, the neutral carrier acquires the capacity of exerting a modifying effect on the initial substance or its target, thereby altering its physicochemical and biological properties, with the resulting product termed a vibrational iteration. In this work, the influence of vibrational iterations obtained from a neutrophil suspension as the initial substance on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by neutrophils was studied using a cellular chemiluminescence assay. The role of the magnetic characteristics of the fields under which the vibrational iterations were prepared was also investigated. It was shown that vibrational iterations prepared under geomagnetic field conditions exerted only a minor effect on ROS production by neutrophils. At the same time, vibrational iterations prepared under a combined magnetic field comparable to the geomagnetic background and supplemented with a low-amplitude variable component (50 nT with a frequency of 12.6 Hz) increased the ability of neutrophils to produce ROS by 44% ± 12%. These findings demonstrate the possibility of preparing vibrational iterations from various initial substances, including biological material. The modulating effect of combined magnetic fields on their activity was also demonstrated.

In this study, we investigated radio‑frequency electromagnetic field (RF‑EMF) levels at the Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai, Japan, a large‑scale international event that attracted approximately 26 million visitors during the event period. Spot and portable measurements were conducted for broadcast, 4G, 5G, and ISM bands in both indoor and outdoor environments. The observed E‑field strengths remained below the reference levels specified in the Japanese Radio Radiation Protection Guidelines, with the maximum E-field strength corresponding to 0.4% of the guideline limits. The RF‑EMF levels measured at the venue were comparable to those measured in typical urban areas and consistent with findings from similar studies conducted overseas. These results confirm that the level of RF‑EMF exposure during high‑density public events in Japan remains below regulatory limits and exhibits behavior trends similar to those observed in ordinary urban environments.

Lipids undergo oxidative degradation during storage, leading to quality deterioration and potential health risks; therefore, rapid and reliable monitoring methods are needed. This study evaluated dielectric measurements as an alternative approach to determine the oxidative status of different lipid systems (bulk oil, emulsion, and fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) during auto-oxidation. Samples were analyzed simultaneously by conventional chemical methods (peroxide value, p-anisidine value, and induction time) and microwave dielectric measurements in the 2-20 GHz frequency range using a coaxial probe. Strong correlations were observed between dielectric parameters and peroxide values as well as induction time in all lipid systems. Good correlations were also found between dielectric data and p-anisidine values in bulk oil and FAMEs, whereas correlations were moderate in emulsions. The results demonstrate that dielectric measurements show strong potential as a rapid, non-destructive, and environmentally friendly approach for assessing lipid oxidation.

This study investigated the potential impact of fifth-generation (5 G) radiofrequency (RF) on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Electrocardiograms (n = 43) and salivary samples (n = 33) were collected from healthy young volunteers before, during, and after exposure to a 3.5 GHz frequency (electrical field intensity ~1-2 V/m) emitted by an antenna while participants were seated at rest. Heart-rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices, including time and frequency domain measures, were analyzed from short-term epochs during both "real" and "sham" exposure sessions, under eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) conditions. Initial variations in RR intervals and HR were observed during 5 G exposure; however, these effects were not confirmed by post-hoc analyses after correction for multiple comparisons, suggesting the absence of consistent exposure-related modulation. The only statistically significant result was a time-by-exposure interaction for the RMSSD parameter during the final exposure period. This effect was small in magnitude, limited to a single time point, and not supported by other parasympathetic indices, and should therefore be interpreted cautiously as it may reflect normal physiological variability or a statistical artifact. No consistent exposure-related effects were detected in salivary stress biomarkers, including cortisol, alpha-amylase, and chromogranin A. Although minor variations were observed in some measures, all values remained within normal physiological ranges, and their clinical relevance remains uncertain. These findings are restricted to the specific experimental conditions examined, namely short-term far-field exposure (25.5 min) at low specific absorption rate (SAR) levels (0.008 mW/kg in the brain). Overall, the results provide preliminary baseline human data at 3.5 GHz rather than confirmatory evidence of biological effects. Further studies involving larger cohorts and longer exposure durations are required to determine whether subtle or cumulative autonomic effects of 5 G exposure can be reliably detected. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00-00, 2026. © 2026 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Formal risk assessment considers characteristics such as proximity, dose, and vulnerability. However, public risk perception may also be influenced by other-possibly less relevant-factors such as visibility and novelty. The introduction of 5G and its associated infrastructure and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) may therefore change perceptions of RF-EMF from mobile communications in general. To explore this, we conducted an online survey in 10 European countries (n = 10,358) using a picture-based approach. Respondents perceived daily RF-EMF exposures as moderate but expected them to increase with 5G. A mobile phone at the ear was generally associated with higher perceived exposure than multiple base stations. Overall, distance to the RF-EMF source most strongly influenced perceived exposure, followed by the number of sources. 5G reception was linked to higher exposure perception than 4G or Wi-Fi reception. These patterns were consistent across most countries. We conclude that when assessing RF-EMF exposure, people rely on heuristics (e.g., more sources imply more exposure) that often guide them correctly. Understanding when and why people feel particularly exposed can help develop more effective communication about true levels of exposure and risk.

Magnetic field therapy is a non-invasive, safe, and simple method used to directly treat various diseases and pathologies. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the evidence for the efficacy of bio-electro-magnetic-energy-regulation (BEMER), a magnetic field therapy, in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. A database search was conducted using the following resources: PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and WoS. The following search strategy was used and adapted for each database: ("pain") AND ("BEMER" OR "BEMER therapy" OR "PEMF" OR "bio-electromagnetic energy regulation" OR "pulsed electromagnetic field" OR "vascular therapy"), in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. Randomized controlled trials involving pain assessment in musculoskeletal pathologies, written in English, published between 1 January 1990 and 30 July 2023 were included; cell, animal, and in vitro studies, reviews, and conference proceedings were excluded. The PEDro scale was used to assess the risk of bias. Seven randomized controlled trials were included. Across the included studies, some reductions in pain were reported after BEMER therapy; however, only one of four sham-controlled studies found BEMER to be superior to sham treatment. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in treatment protocols. Overall, the current evidence does not demonstrate that BEMER therapy is more effective than sham/placebo in reducing musculoskeletal pain. Standardized, high-quality trials are needed to clarify whether BEMER has any specific treatment effect beyond placebo. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00-00, 2026. © 2026 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

The rapid development of 5 G technology raises concerns about near-field electromagnetic exposure from mobile terminals, especially its potential risks to reproductive and vital organs. However, gender-based differences in tissue dielectric properties and their impact on exposure are often overlooked. This study has two main objectives: to analyze the influence of gender differences on near-field electromagnetic exposure, with a particular focus on key tissues, by calculating gender-specific dielectric properties of different organ tissues; and to propose antenna miniaturization as an active electromagnetic protective measure for reducing specific absorption rate (SAR). This study employs finite element modeling to construct male and female human models, incorporating reproductive systems and key organs, to evaluate SAR before and after the miniaturization of a MIMO mobile terminal antenna at 2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz. The results show that SAR values in male tissues, particularly in reproductive organs, are significantly higher than in female counterparts. Antenna miniaturization effectively reduces peak SAR by over 30% in multiple tissues, demonstrating its role as an active electromagnetic protective measure. This work highlights gender differences in electromagnetic exposure and confirms the feasibility of antenna miniaturization for improving mobile terminal safety design.

A study of burn thresholds from superficially penetrating radio-frequency (RF) energy at 5.6 GHz for swine skin was conducted. The study estimated the thresholds for superficial, partial-thickness, and full-thickness burn severities after 20 s of exposure at power densities of 4-8 W/cm2. Biopsies were collected from each burn site at 1, 24, 72, and 168 h post exposure. Each sample was assessed by a burn pathologist against 20 histological factors to characterize the damage resulting from these RF overexposures. There were significant differences in the burn thresholds at the different severities compared to previous thresholds found at 8.2 and 95 GHz. A one-dimensional, layered digital phantom that utilized realistic values for dielectric and thermal properties was consistent with the observed damage trends and empirical dosimetry values. The results of the heating and cooling response of the animal model, and histology scores of each exposure are provided to establish damage thresholds and support development of simulation tools to predict parameters associated with RF hazards.

Accumulating evidence from experimental animal studies is essential for clarifying the causal relationship between exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields (MFs) and childhood leukemia. In this study, we developed a 50 Hz MF exposure system for experimental animals. To ensure uniform whole-body exposure of multiple animals placed at the center of the coil, we fabricated a Merritt-type coil. The maximum MF output inside the coil was 5 mT(rms), and spatial variation remained within ±2.5% of the target intensity. The system enabled stable exposure of experimental animals to uniform 50 Hz MFs while eliminating equipment-related artifacts. We then conducted exposure experiments using humanized mice, in which a human-like hematopoietic system was established by transplanting human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), to a 50 Hz, 5 mT(rms) MF for 2 months. After exposure, the chimerism rates of human leukocytes in hematopoietic organs of the MF-exposed group were comparable to those in the control group. Furthermore, exposure to the 50 Hz MF did not affect early differentiation of human B cells in the bone marrow of humanized mice. These findings support our previous in vitro results and validate the use of humanized mice for evaluating the effects of power-frequency MFs on human hematopoiesis. This system is expected to evaluate the effects of 50 Hz MFs not only on normal human hematopoiesis in humanized mice but also under abnormal conditions such as preleukemic state induced by transplanting genetically modified HSPCs.

Current low-frequency EMF exposure limits are based on RMS values. However, the hazard at low frequencies, neural and muscular stimulation is driven by instantaneous peak values. Because action potentials follow an all-or-nothing threshold, even a single suprathreshold cycle can trigger excitation, whereas long-term RMS averages can be arbitrarily reduced by inserting pauses into signals. Pulsed or bursty fields-such as those emitted by certain deactivators used in electronic article surveillance-may comply with RMS-based limits despite containing peaks capable of exceeding physiological thresholds. Reformulating both basic restrictions and reference levels in terms of peak values would align exposure limits with neurophysiological mechanisms and provide clearer guidance for ensuring safety. As ICNIRP revises its 2010 low-frequency guidelines, this is an opportune moment to adopt peak-based limits and better protect workers and the general public.

The effects of static magnetic field (SMF) and oscillating magnetic field (OMF) on oxidative stress responses and DNA fragmentation were investigated in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Bacterial cultures were exposed to magnetic field intensities ranging from 2 to 16 mT at 50 Hz for 8 h. Exposure to both SMF and OMF caused intensity-dependent decreases in optical density, indicating growth inhibition. In parallel, nitric oxide and superoxide anion radical levels, as well as the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, increased significantly in a field-strength-dependent manner. Glutathione disulfide levels were enhanced while reduced glutathione values decreased, reflecting a redox imbalance. Moreover, malondialdehyde and DNA fragmentation levels were markedly elevated, confirming oxidative and genotoxic stress. Comparative analysis revealed that E. coli exhibited more pronounced responses than S. aureus, with significant effects emerging above approximately 6-8 mT for OMF and 8-10 mT for SMF exposure. Overall, these findings demonstrate that both OMF and SMF can induce oxidative stress and DNA damage in bacterial cells, with OMF producing stronger effects. The results highlight the differential susceptibility of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to electromagnetic exposure and suggest potential implications for non-antibiotic antimicrobial strategies based on magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00-00, 2026. © 2026 © 2026 Bioelectromagnetics Society.