Chronic ocular pain (COP) is a debilitating condition in which patients experience pain in or around the eyes. It is strongly associated with other pain and psychological conditions. Management options remain limited and available ocular therapies are rarely effective, particularly in patients with central sensitization. As in other pain conditions, psychological and behavioral interventions are important, yet understudied and underutilized in the management of COP. This review explores the literature pertaining to such interventions for COP.

This review aims to summarize migraine attack triggers and understand variance across lifestyles, religions, and regions.

This review examines the perioperative implications of selected substances in the contemporary unregulated drug supply and outlines a physiology-based approach to preoperative assessment, risk recognition, and postoperative pain management.

Modifiable psychosocial risk factors are associated with and may contribute to the chronification of headache diseases. Assessing such factors is an integral part of multidimensional pain management. However, an overview of modifiable psychosocial risk factors and their role (e.g., chronification, prevalence, association, comorbidity) in migraine (MGR), tension-type headache (TTH), and cervicogenic headache (CeH) is missing. The present mapping review aimed to provide an overview of characteristics of modifiable psychosocial risk factors in MGR, TTH, and CeH.

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is among the most widely used medications in the history of humanity for treatment of pain conditions. For more than half a century, it has occupied a unique position as the archetypal first-line analgesic and antipyretic, recommended across age groups, clinical settings, and healthcare systems. Its remarkable success has been based on three fundamental assumptions: it is effective for common painful conditions, substantially safer than alternative analgesics, and suitable for broad population use with minimal restrictions. Over the last two decades, however, these assumptions have been increasingly challenged by accumulating evidence from randomized trials, systematic reviews, pharmaco-epidemiological studies, and regulatory analyses.

Acute postoperative pain has traditionally been managed with opioids and regional nerve blocks, both of which are associated with limitations including drug-related adverse effects and motor blockade. This narrative review evaluates temporary percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) as an advanced, opioid- and motor-sparing neuromodulation strategy for postoperative pain management.

In this review, we explore the multitude of metrics used to measure the impact of acute and preventive treatments for headache disorders. These measurements seek to quantify the headache experience and changes in that experience through not only pure numerical measures of headache characteristics but also computed patient-reported outcome measures, assessments of participation in activities, and economic evaluations.

Chronic headaches and occipital neuralgia are important yet frequently underrecognized causes of head and upper cervical pain. This review describes a peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) technique targeting the C2-C3 nerves for the management of refractory headache disorders and highlights key anatomical considerations to improve procedural accuracy.

This review provides the reader with an up-to-date summary of the U.S. regulatory framework as it relates to regenerative medicine therapies used in pain management. This includes relevant historical background, legal discussion, prevailing evidence for the discussed therapies, and expert opinion on potential pathways forward that promote safety alongside innovation.

Regenerative approaches for treating spinal pain hold great clinical promise but have the potential to disrupt healthcare upending the cost paradigm of pharmacologic care or interventional procedures. Regenerative approaches have higher upfront costs but may offer long-lasting, even curative benefits. In today's healthcare system, it is important to understand the cost-effectiveness of regenerative approaches using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and other biologics. This narrative review explored the costs of these procedures for treating spinal pain, but since this specific indication is not currently approved for clinical use in the United States, cost data were sparse.

Fascial plane blocks (FPBs) are increasingly used in perioperative and pain medicine, but their clinical role remains difficult to define because mechanisms, nomenclature, and evidence quality vary across techniques and indications.