Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy represents a rapidly evolving domain within regenerative medicine research and its clinical applications. As a therapeutic approach in regenerative medicine, MSCs therapy holds a distinct position in addressing female infertility, attributed to its low immunogenicity and robust capacities for self-renewal and differentiation. Empirical studies have demonstrated that the transplantation of MSCs derived from various sources, such as menstrual fluid, endometrium, bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord, can effectively facilitate the restoration of ovarian and endometrial morphology and function. This offers promising prospects for the treatment of a range of female infertility-related conditions, including ovarian insufficiency, intrauterine adhesion, and polycystic ovary syndrome. This review article examines the underlying mechanisms and recent advancements in research on MSCs from diverse sources within the female reproductive system. Furthermore, it elucidates the application of MSCs in clinical trials targeting ovarian and endometrial pathologies.

Innovations in ear reconstruction in the developing medical field have resulted in various advantages and disadvantages. In addition to rib autologous ear cartilage reconstruction, cartilage differentiation is achieved using stem cell technologies, or cartilage is constructed using tissueengineering-based systems from various natural and artificial materials. Intercalarily, autologous rib ear cartilage reconstruction is routinely used; it is a field that is constantly being developed, from stem cells and cell culture systems to natural and artificial biomaterials and tissue engineering-based systems. It is estimated that 3D scaffold systems created using tissue engineering approaches will continue to be popular for a long time in terms of both shaping and cellularization. The differentiation potential of stem cells, the mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of scaffolds, and especially the use of exosome engineering as a biosignal molecule, which has become popular recently, bring another perspective on cartilage regeneration. The nanostructures of exosomes carry very important information between cells in terms of their anti-inflammatory activities and especially their effects on the proliferation and differentiation activities of stem cells. Especially modified or loaded exosome designs allow different approaches to be created in this field, both for therapeutics and diagnosis. This review offers a regenerative medicine perspective on ear reconstruction studies, addressing the advantages and disadvantages of experimental and clinical designs, including current innovations and artificial organ designs, such as stem cell-exosome strategies. The complexity of the production process, the characterization of biomaterials, the need for standardization of in vitro and in vivo protocols, ethical concerns, and high costs necessitate controlled and comparative analyses of these high-tech products/methods before they are transferred to clinical use.

Tissue Engineering (TE) represents an effective approach for addressing tissue or organ defects and functional impairments. Cells, scaffolds, and growth factors, as the three elements of TE, play an important role in tissue repair. In recent years, there has been growing interest in Wharton's Jelly (WJ), obtained from the umbilical cord of postpartum medical waste. Mesenchymal stem cells, extracellular matrix, and growth factors derived from WJ have been widely used in TE. WJ has shown the potential to treat a wide range of diseases in clinical applications. This review discusses the mechanisms of action of WJ, focusing on their applications in the field of tissue damage repair. We also highlight the advantages, current limitations, and future directions of WJ-based therapies, including challenges related to standardization, scalability, long-term safety, and clinical translation.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous cell population that can be isolated from various tissues, including adipose tissue and bone marrow. Their ease of isolation and robust ex vivo expansion make MSCs an attractive candidate for regenerative and therapeutic applications, particularly in tissue repair and angiogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that the therapeutic effects of MSCs are largely mediated through the secretion of extracellular vesicles, especially mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos). These exosomes contain diverse bioactive molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which contribute to their regenerative, immunomodulatory, and therapeutic potential. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that MSC-Exos promote tissue repair, regulate immune responses, and alleviate pathological conditions associated with cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, musculoskeletal injuries, and immune-mediated diseases. The outcomes of these studies suggest that MSC-Exos represent a promising and effective therapeutic modality for a broad range of diseases. Compared with conventional MSC-based therapies, MSCExos offer several advantages, including reduced immunogenicity, lower tumorigenic risk, improved stability, and easier storage and handling, making them particularly suitable for clinical translation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current clinical and translational landscape of MSC-Exos therapy, highlighting their therapeutic applications, underlying mechanisms, and key challenges that must be addressed to facilitate successful clinical implementation. Collectively, the emerging evidence underscores the potential of MSC-Exos to advance regenerative medicine and suggests that exosome-based therapies may represent a transformative approach for the treatment of diverse human diseases.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells of mesodermal origin capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Characterized by low immunogenicity and tropism toward injury sites, MSCs exhibit critical properties including hematopoietic support, immunomodulation, and tissue regeneration. These unique attributes position MSCs as promising therapeutic tools for hematologic diseases, where disruption of the bone marrow niche impairs normal hematopoiesis. Co-transplantation of MSCs with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) facilitates HSC homing to the bone marrow niche and significantly improves post-transplant hematopoietic reconstitution. Furthermore, MSCs show considerable therapeutic potential in both prophylaxis and management of graftversus- host disease (GVHD), a major complication of allogeneic transplantation. The therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs have evolved from an initial focus on engraftment to a broader understanding of their paracrine actions via the "hit-and-run" mechanism, wherein MSCs exert functions through secreted factors and extracellular vesicles before host clearance. Despite these advances, clinical translation faces significant challenges, including poor homing efficiency, cellular heterogeneity, culture-induced senescence, and vulnerability to inflammatory and oxidative stress. This review summarizes clinical applications of MSCs in aplastic anemia, leukemia, and co-transplantation with HSCs, while critically evaluating the balance between therapeutic efficacy and potential risks. Additionally, we discuss emerging bioengineering strategies designed to overcome current limitations and enhance MSC therapeutic potency for next-generation cell therapies in hematologic diseases.

Retinal degenerative diseases like AMD and DR lead to irreversible vision loss through disrupted homeostasis. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes (MSC-Exo), as a cell-free therapy, demonstrate significant potential in restoring retinal balance via multi-target regulation. This review elucidates the protective effects of MSC-Exo on key retinal cells, including pigment epithelium, endothelial cells, Müller glia, microglia, and ganglion cells, and specifically examines its role in modulating shared cellular pathways such as PI3K/AKT-Nrf2. It highlights a therapeutic cascade from vascular repair and anti-inflammation to neuroprotection, which coordinates intercellular interactions and promotes holistic retinal recovery. Finally, the review discusses the challenges and future clinical prospects of MSC-Exo-based therapies.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to sensory and motor dysfunction in the innervated regions below the injury level, and high-level SCI may even endanger the patient's life, causing a serious economic burden for both the patient and their family. Due to the non-renewable nature of spinal cord tissue, there is still no effective treatment strategy for patients with SCI. MSC-derived exosomes, as the main carriers through which MSCs exert paracrine effects, can transport bioactive molecules across biological barriers and regulate various physiological processes, including cell maintenance, immunosuppression, tissue repair, fibrosis inhibition, hematopoietic implantation, and angiogenesis. This article reviews the common causes and pathogenesis of SCI, the pathophysiology and characteristics of MSC-derived exosomes, preparation methods, and the application of transdermal stem-cellderived exosomes in SCI. Although several studies have demonstrated that MSC-derived exosomes show significant therapeutic potential for SCI, many aspects still require consideration, including standardized production, clinical application, social ethics, and potential side effects.