We evaluated the probability of needing public health actions against trachoma in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador, by estimating seroconversion rates of Chlamydia trachomatis plasma gene protein 3 IgG in children. Seroconversion rates suggest high probability of the need for public health interventions in rural communities and motivate further assessment.

The global resurgence of measles is a major public health concern. After the success of its Expanded Programme on Immunization, Bangladesh experienced a measles resurgence in 2026. The country faced major setbacks after measles vaccination coverage declined because of political instability, discontent among field-level staff, change in procurement policy, COVID-19-related service disruptions, and delayed supplementary immunization campaigns. During March 15-September 13, 2026, Bangladesh reported 170,638 suspected and 20,006 confirmed measles cases, including 919 deaths among suspected and 100 deaths among laboratory-confirmed cases. The outbreak disproportionately affected unvaccinated and underimmunized children. Political turmoil during 2024-2025 disrupted vaccine procurement, delayed mass vaccination campaigns, weakened the health workforce, and compromised financial and logistic continuity. Simultaneously, disruptions in vitamin A supplementation and worsening child malnutrition amplified disease severity. To prevent future resurgence, immunization programs must be depoliticized, supported by buffer vaccine stocks, strengthened through microlevel surveillance, and integrated with nutrition and primary healthcare services.

Nationwide surveillance in Bangladesh during April 2-May 27, 2026, identified a total of 67,079 suspected and 8,834 confirmed measles cases across 8 administrative divisions. Among suspected cases, 472 deaths were reported, and 88 deaths were reported among confirmed cases. Despite high reported vaccine coverage, transmission persisted amid residual immunity gaps. Vaccine stockouts, discontinued vaccination campaigns, and coverage overestimation likely contributed to Bangladesh's largest recorded measles outbreak.

Of 1,289 measles case-patients during April 2025-March 2026 in Jerusalem, Israel, 11 children died, a measles-specific mortality rate of 1.1 deaths/100,000 population. The measles-specific mortality rate among children <5 years of age was 7.7 deaths/100,000 population but 80.1 deaths/100,000 population in 6 neighborhoods populated by ultraorthodox Jews, a 47% measles-attributed death fraction.

In July 2024, we reported information on the initial human mpox cases in Uganda. Genomic characterization of clinically suspected cases (July-December 2024) revealed cocirculation of several monkeypox virus clade 1b clusters and varicella zoster virus. Our findings highlight the need to refine differential diagnoses by molecular techniques and strengthen surveillance.

We compared data from the 2015 and 2024 pertussis epidemics in New South Wales, Australia. In 2024, we found twice as many notifications and a shift in distribution to older children. COVID-19 interventions and lack of circulation of pertussis likely contributed to an age cohort immunity gap and increased infections.

Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV) has been identified in human endothelial cell tumors. We evaluated 25 clinical cases of various inflammatory dermatoses in California, USA, for TSPyV by using RNAscope in situ hybridization. We did not detect TSPyV in any of the biopsy samples, suggesting that endothelial TSPyV is uncommon in inflammatory dermatoses.

Human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 are associated with mucosal condylomata acuminata, with rare reports of extragenital manifestations. We report a case of condyloma localized to the neck of an immunocompetent heterosexual man, without concurrent anogenital lesions. Our findings challenge theories of the site-specific tropism of these human papillomavirus types.

Japanese encephalitis virus genotype V (JEV GV) has caused multiple cases of viral encephalitis in South Korea. We report a human case of JEV GV in China, confirmed by serology, sequencing, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR. We confirm JEV GV infection in China, highlighting the persistent threat of this virus.

Since 2021, a genotype 2.3.1, ciprofloxacin-resistant, multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain increasingly has been detected in persons returning from West Africa. This strain locally acquired 2 different MDR plasmids over a ≈25-year period, underwent chromosomal integration of the IncHI1 plasmid MDR region, and finally acquired a gyrA mutation.

We identified highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5 in stranded dolphins along the coastline of Brazil during 2023-2025. Infected animals included species classified as vulnerable or endangered. Our results highlight the need for ongoing surveillance of cetaceans susceptible to viral infections, which pose an additional threat to threatened species.

We report a cutaneous ulcer outbreak in Sierra Leone in 2025 that predominantly affected ≈403 schoolchildren. The causative agent was confirmed as Haemophilus ducreyi, a bacterium traditionally associated with the sexually transmitted infection chancroid but more recently recognized as an emerging cause of lower limb cutaneous ulcers in tropical regions.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus continues to cause animal outbreaks and sporadic zoonotic infections. In a mouse model of lethal influenza disease, we compared oseltamivir, baloxavir, and molnupiravir monotherapies with 2-drug combinations. Baloxavir-based combinations improved survival, reduced lung viral loads, and prevented extrapulmonary dissemination, supporting H5N1 preparedness strategies.

We report a confirmed case of Chlamydia psittaci meningitis in Latin America, diagnosed in a 50-year-old farm worker from Chile. Diagnosis was established via cerebrospinal fluid quantitative real-time PCR and serology. The patient recovered after antimicrobial treatment. This case highlights the need to consider zoonotic pathogens in atypical meningitis.

We sequenced measles-positive samples from the 2025 outbreak in Texas, USA, and identified the expansion of a closely related genotype D8 lineage within broader strain diversity from North America. F:H419R was used as a lineage-associated genomic surveillance marker. Our findings demonstrate that whole-genome sequencing can strengthen measles surveillance and enhance outbreak investigations.