Hemophilia A is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency, resulting in recurrent bleeding and progressive joint damage. Treatment has expanded beyond FVIII replacement to extended-half-life products, non-factor therapies, rebalancing agents, and gene therapy. These advances improve outcomes but introduce distinct long-term safety considerations.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder associated with substantial psychosocial burden. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have transformed the treatment of moderate-to-severe AA, but concerns regarding their long-term safety remain, particularly because class warnings are largely derived from higher-risk rheumatologic populations.

Functional constipation (FC) in children is a common diagnosis that can be challenging to treat effectively. Internet and social media are shaping parental knowledge and beliefs has become of great importance.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the mainstay treatment for acute and chronic rheumatic diseases. However, several treatment guidelines recommend limited use of GCs due to their associated toxicity. Rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, and polymyalgia rheumatica, often entail prolonged GC treatment, which may lead to major GC-related adverse events (AEs), such as osteoporosis, fracture, hyperglycemia, infection, and weight gain, along with cardiovascular, ophthalmic, and psychiatric-related AEs.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a clinically heterogeneous condition in which individuals experience markedly different disease trajectories. As more people with SCD now survive to adulthood, their disease becomes more complicated due to comorbidities, both related and unrelated to SCD. Thus, a precision-oriented approach is essential when initiating new treatments to ensure the delivery of meaningful and sustained benefits for people with SCD.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide, resulting in a significant symptom burden and diminished quality of life. Mainstays of KOA management include weight loss, exercise, physical activity, and simple analgesia, with joint replacement as a last resort. Intra-articular injections, especially corticosteroids, have been increasingly used to provide symptomatic relief when simple analgesia fails. However, the efficacy and safety of intra-articular corticosteroid injections (IACS) remain poorly established.

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are widely used for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF); however, patients encountered in real-world practice frequently exhibit frailty, multimorbidity, and polypharmacy, phenotypes underrepresented in randomized clinical trials.

Trigger tool methodologies have become important approaches for detecting adverse events in hospital care because they identify more harm than conventional incident reporting systems. Their role is particularly relevant for medication-related harm, which is often under-recognized or insufficiently documented in routine clinical practice.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with limited treatment options and diverse symptoms necessitating active management. Anticholinergic medications are frequently used in ALS care, particularly for sialorrhea and mood disturbances. Their cumulative effects, termed anticholinergic burden, may pose underrecognized risks in this neurologically vulnerable population. This review highlights a plausible safety signal and outlines priorities for future research.