Young-onset Alzheimer's disease (YOAD), defined by symptom onset before 65 years, represents a distinct subtype of Alzheimer's disease with important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Compared with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), YOAD shows greater phenotypic heterogeneity, more frequent atypical non-amnestic presentations, and a stronger genetic contribution, leading to a delay in diagnosis and a substantial psychosocial burden.

Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures (EMAtS), historically termed Doose syndrome, is a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy characterized by the usually abrupt onset of multiple generalized seizure types, including myoclonic-atonic seizures, in early childhood. Advances in genetic diagnostics, antiseizure treatments, and precision therapies have reshaped understanding and management of EMAtS.

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has emerged as a less invasive treatment for various medically refractory craniofacial pain disorders. Advances in neuroimaging, radiosurgical technology, and treatment planning have expanded its application beyond trigeminal neuralgia (TN) to glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN), trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs), and neuropathic facial pain (NFP).

Despite advances in understanding nociplastic pain and central sensitization, fibromyalgia remains a challenging clinical diagnosis due to the absence of specific biomarkers, extensive symptom overlap with other conditions, and persistent misconceptions about its pathophysiology.

Postpartum depression is defined as the occurrence of a major depressive episode in the four weeks after delivery; however, up to 50% of cases begin before delivery. First-line treatment for mild postpartum depression is psychotherapy, but patients with limited access to this kind of treatment or moderate to severe illness typically require pharmacotherapy. In general, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered first-line treatment options. However, the titration of these medications to a therapeutic dosage may take weeks.

There is a disconnect between the designation of lithium (Li) as the drug of choice for bipolar disorder and its use in only a small minority of patients. Low use is seen especially in the US where less than 20% of bipolar patients are on Li.

Blood-based biomarkers are becoming increasingly utilized in the neurodegenerative research field for indicating patient disease status. With increasing emphasis on large-scale prevention trials, developing cost-effective and accessible means of sampling for these biomarkers is imperative. Micro-sampling, in the form of dried blood spots (DBS), dried plasma spots (DPS), and upper-arm devices (UAD), could be a solution.

Assessing awareness of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is essential for diagnosis and treatment. Anosognosia, defined as impaired awareness of cognitive and functional deficits, is associated with poorer prognosis, reduced decision-making capacity, increased risk of accidents, and earlier institutionalization.

The following clinical trial protocol aims to investigate the additional effects of bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) compared to CIMT alone in children and adolescents with spastic hemiparetic cerebral palsy.

Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) is uncommon but clinically relevant, as inflammatory demyelination occurs during brain maturation. Compared with adult-onset MS, POMS is characterized by higher early relapse rate and MRI inflammatory activity, better recovery from individual relapses, yet disability milestones are reached at a younger age. Early identification is essential to avoid treatment delays, while preventing misdiagnosis of mimics.

Late-onset bipolar disorder (LOBD) represents a clinically relevant but understudied subtype of bipolar. Compared with early-onset bipolar disorder, LOBD may present with distinct clinical features, increased somatic comorbidity, and potential associations with neurodegenerative and vascular processes. Specific diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for LOBD are currently limited.

Major depressive disorder is a leading cause of disability, with a significant rate of patients responding inadequately to antidepressants, and residual symptoms, including insomnia, worsening overall outcomes. Current adjunctive options display partial efficacy and tolerability, motivating the search for different strategies. Beyond regulating the sleep-wake cycle, orexin systems are implicated in reward and cognition, and have emerged as new targets for depressive disorders.