Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) play a central role in all aspects of management of neuroendocrine/endocrine-neoplasms (NENs). This includes diagnosis, with radiolabeled SSTR ligands localizing the primary/tumor extent, and confirming their NEN nature. Non-radiolabeled-SSTR agonists are first line for controlling the hormone-excess-state for functional NENs (F-NENs) and for initial cytotoxic treatment of advanced tumor-growth. Radiolabeled-SSTR-ligands treat advanced disease. There is increasing need for improvement, because some patients do not respond to SSTA-therapies, others become resistant, in some current imaging with radiolabeled-SSTAs is negative and the ease of ligand use/availability is a problem. Additionally, newer groups of patients are being considered for possible SSTA-treatment with newer SSTA‑related-compounds.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative dementia, affecting millions globally. Therapies primarily consist of managing symptoms and limiting progression. Further advances in treatment include disease-modifying therapies, many of which have unfavorable safety profiles and provide only modest improvement in cognitive function. The need for novel disease-modifying therapies continues to grow as the burden of AD in the population increases.

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is an indolent B-cell lymphoma with unique clinical manifestations driven by both tumor infiltration of the bone marrow and extramedullary tissues, as well as IgM-related pathology. Recent therapeutic advances for WM have been largely driven by molecular discoveries, and current agents have significantly improved disease control and progression-free survival. However, WM remains incurable, and novel treatment strategies that balance efficacy with tolerability are needed.

Erythromelalgia (EM) is a rare disorder predominantly affecting distal extremities characterized by episodes of painful burning erythema, often precipitated by heat and exercise. Treatment is challenging due to limited evidence and lack of guidelines.

Sjögren's disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder primarily affecting exocrine glands alongside heterogeneous organ involvement. Historically managed through symptomatic relief and conventional disease-modifying therapies, recent immunological advances have steadily expanded our understanding of its pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches.

The therapeutic landscape of hemophilia A has expanded beyond factor replacement with the emergence of non-biologic pharmacological strategies that modulate endogenous hemostatic pathways. These innovations challenge traditional treatment paradigms and create opportunities for more individualized approaches to hemostatic management.

Pythium insidiosum keratitis is an emerging, vision-threatening corneal infection that is increasingly recognized worldwide, particularly in tropical and agrarian regions. Owing to its close clinical resemblance to fungal keratitis, delayed diagnosis and inappropriate antifungal therapy frequently result in rapid stromal destruction, therapeutic keratoplasty, and poor visual outcomes. Unlike true fungi, Pythium insidiosum is an oomycete lacking ergosterol in its cell membrane, rendering conventional antifungal agents largely ineffective and necessitating a paradigm shift toward targeted pharmacotherapy.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as a major modifiable risk factor. Despite intensive statin therapy, many high-risk patients do not achieve increasingly stringent LDL-C goals, highlighting the need for additional lipid-lowering strategies. The development of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors has significantly advanced lipid management, although currently available agents require subcutaneous administration and may be limited by adherence, accessibility, and cost.

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by progressive loss of melanocytes and the development of depigmented skin lesions. Increasing evidence highlights the pivotal role of dysregulated JAK-STAT signaling in disease pathogenesis.

Advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are usually driven by KIT or PDGFRA and treated with sequential tyrosine kinase inhibitors. After imatinib, several distinct secondary KIT-resistant clones may coexist within and between lesions, limiting the coverage of any single later-line inhibitor.

HIV treatment is evolving toward simplified regimens with fewer agents, improved tolerability, and activity against resistant virus. This review evaluates the potential clinical role of lenacapavir (LEN), a capsid inhibitor, combined with bictegravir (BIC), an integrase strand transfer inhibitor, as a single-tablet regimen (STR) for HIV treatment.

Chronic migraine (CM) is a disabling neurological disorder with evolving diagnostic criteria that have influenced how we interpret the evidence base for preventive treatment. Affecting 1-2% of the population, CM imposes substantial individual and societal burden.

Iron supplementation, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), and hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) are currently the main therapeutic options for anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In 2026, KDIGO published an updated clinical practice guideline for anemia management in CKD.