Currently, we are in a global context where women's human rights, particularly equality and autonomy, have gained increasing relevance. At the same time, national and international documents have been updated, and knowledge about violence against women has expanded, recognizing its various forms (physical, psychological, and sexual) as well as its different settings (family, community, workplace, and healthcare). This highlights that many aspects of women's health are deeply linked to inequality and violence. Investment in biomedical research has a direct impact on population health. If there were no lag in research on women's health, this should also be reflected in women's life expectancy. However, it is essential to prioritize the concept of "healthy life expectancy" in order to reach more accurate conclusions. To answer the questions of whether there is a lag in research on women's health and how this lag affects their well-being we propose addressing three key areas: quality-adjusted life expectancy, the evaluation of research projects that include and analyze data by sex, and equitable participation of women in science. Finally, understanding the current landscape of research by and for women in health is essential for designing strategies that help eliminate inequality and violence against women.

Frailty syndrome is a clinical condition characterized by a decline in physiological reserves, increasing vulnerability to stressors. Although its foundations had been previously explored, it was in the 21[st] century that its phenotype was established, defined by the presence of at least three out of five criteria: Unintentional weight loss, weakness, slowness, fatigue, and low physical activity. This model has been widely adopted due to its clinical utility. Frailty is not a homogeneous process, and recent studies show that it affects women more frequently, although men experience worse clinical outcomes, such as higher mortality. These differences reflect the influence of biological, hormonal, and social factors on its development. Additionally, men are more prone to sarcopenia and cardiovascular diseases, whereas women exhibit frailty associated with weakness and abdominal obesity. Early diagnosis and personalized interventions can prevent complications, but they require consideration of gender differences. This review analyzes the latest evidence on frailty in men and women, emphasizing its impact on clinical practice and the different therapeutic and preventive strategies for its management.

Cardiometabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cerebrovascular disease, are among the leading causes of mortality in Latin America, with a significant impact on the female population. In Mexico, these conditions show a high and increasing prevalence, particularly among postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that negatively affect endothelial function, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance. Abdominal obesity, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes affect a substantial proportion of women, and tend to worsen with age. Female-specific factors such as menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy further increase cardiovascular risk. Hormonal transition influences the lipid profile by elevating markers such as lipoprotein (a), thereby increasing thrombotic risk. These sex-based differences in cardiovascular physiology, including heart size, electrical activity, and vascular response, necessitate a tailored approach to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Four key challenges are highlighted: recognizing pathophysiological differences, identifying risk factors during menopause, early detection and treatment of prediabetes and dyslipidemia, and strengthening primary healthcare with guidelines specifically designed for Mexican women.

Access to liver transplantation among women remains limited due to biological and sociocultural factors. Differences in height, muscle mass, and renal function estimation significantly affect prioritization, particularly under the classic Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD). Although the implementation of MELD 3.0 has reduced some disparities, structural biases persist, especially regarding exception points and graft size compatibility. Newer models such as MELD-GRAIL-Na and GEMA-Na, along with surgical strategies like split-liver and pediatric donation, offer promising alternatives. The objective of the present review is to summarize recent evidence and propose targeted measures to achieve greater gender equity in liver transplantation allocation.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with high intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistant levels, so the World Health Organization has defined this bacterium as a priority pathogen for research. In the case of Mexico, different strains belonging to a sequence-type (ST309) that is considered as high-risk due to its wide geographical distribution in different countries, and its high levels of antimicrobial resistance have been isolated, so the research with this bacterium is an active field. In a contrasting way, it has been recognized for decades, that some metabolites produce by this bacterium, like rhamnolipids and pyocyanin, have important biotechnological applications. In this review, some uses of these metabolites in health-related applications are presented, as well as some strategies that have been followed to produce them at an industrial scale, despite P. aeruginosa virulence.