Human Papillomavirus variants are classified into lineages and sublineages based upon their genome sequence, but the impact of variation on the function of encoded proteins is unclear. We used a global panel of natural infection sera and relational antigenic maps to assess HPV33 and HPV45 neutralizing antibody specificity. HPV33 A2, A3, B and C variants were spatially resolved ∼5-fold distant from the A1 reference while HPV45 variants were resolved within ∼2-fold with differences mapped to residues on the capsid surface. These data inform the degree of lineage and sublineage specificity within the natural infection humoral immune response to oncogenic HPV.

Risk maps and spatial models provide key information about the endemicity and spread of infectious diseases. Novel data streams and statistical techniques, with the aid of artificial intelligence, create the opportunity for modern risk maps. To ensure that these tools are useful for clinical decision-making, we need to understand how risk maps are used, how they are developed, and how they can be improved. This will be especially important for zoonotic, vector-borne, and environmental infectious diseases in the era of environmental change and globalization.

Physiological changes during pregnancy may alter the pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals, but pregnancy pharmacokinetic/dynamic data may lag years after drug approval. This single-dose approach allows for earlier data generation, estimating total and protein-unbound doravirine pharmacokinetics in women living with HIV during their second trimester, third trimester, and postpartum.

The ring-stage survival assay (RSA) is a valuable tool for assessing in vitro Plasmodium falciparum tolerance to Dihydroartemisinin. However, laboratories with unreliable or no access to premixed commercial gas may not perform the RSA under the recommended physiological normoxia. We measured survival rates of ART-sensitive and ART-resistant strains in the normoxic commercial gas and hyperoxic candle jar gas. RSA read-outs for ART-resistant strains were significantly lower (p<0.05) under hyperoxia compared to physiological normoxia, whereas those of ART-sensitive strains were unaltered. These findings have important implications for interlaboratory comparison of RSA data and understanding the mechanisms of resistance to endoperoxide drugs.

Pertussis vaccination during pregnancy protects young infants but blunts their antibody responses to primary immunization; the duration of this effect beyond infancy is unknown. In a clinical trial, we followed children born to tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis-vaccinated (n=47) and unvaccinated (n=22) mothers to 4 years of age. At both 3 and 4 years, children born to Tdap-vaccinated mothers had lower anti-pertussis toxin and anti-diphtheria toxin IgG concentrations than control children, and pertussis toxin seropositivity and diphtheria seroprotection rates were low in both groups. After a preschool acellular pertussis booster at 4 years, antibody concentrations increased to comparable levels in both groups.

Natural Cryptosporidium infection causes development of protective immunity. Live-attenuated vaccines stimulate both adaptive and "trained" innate immune responses. With advances in parasite genetics, target identification, and in vitro cultivation, we now propose development of a live-attenuated vaccine for cryptosporidiosis.