Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly being integrated across the landscape of graduate medical education (GME) with applications spanning the residency application and selection process, clinical training and post graduate practice. This paper reviews the history of AI in GME and its current integration across the GME continuum, highlighting its benefits, limitations and challenges. AI enhances training through improved efficiency, personalized education, reduced clerical burden, workflow optimization, and diagnostic support. However, significant concerns persist, including bias in algorithmic decision-making, threats to authenticity in application materials, erosion of clinical reasoning skills with overreliance on AI, and unclear accountability for its use in clinical care. To address these challenges, we propose the establishment of a multidisciplinary committee to standardize AI use, promote ethical implementation, improve AI literacy, reduce bias, and ensure equitable outcomes.

Myopalladin (MYPN) is a Z-disc protein involved in sarcomere integrity and nuclear signaling, and pathogenic variants have increasingly been recognized as causes of inherited cardiomyopathy associated with arrhythmias and progressive heart failure. We report a 48-year-old African American woman with MYPN-associated nonischemic cardiomyopathy (ejection fraction <15%), atrial fibrillation, left ventricular thrombus, prior bilateral strokes, and ICD placement who presented with acute ischemic stroke after missing anticoagulation therapy. She underwent mechanical thrombectomy for a left M1 occlusion with subsequent re-occlusion. Her hospital course was complicated by recurrent polymorphic ventricular tachycardia requiring ICD shocks, refractory heart failure requiring inotropic support, acute kidney injury, sepsis, and multi-organ dysfunction despite maximal guideline-directed therapy. MYPN mutations disrupt both sarcomere structural stability and stress-response signaling, contributing to ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis. Similar to other inherited cardiomyopathies involving sarcomeric and cytoskeletal genes, MYPN-associated disease may progress rapidly despite conventional therapy. This case highlights the severe clinical course and systemic complications of MYPN-associated cardiomyopathy and underscores the importance of early genetic testing, family screening, and timely referral for advanced heart failure therapies.

The study aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Aksum City Massacre Survivors in Tigray, Ethiopia. Using a community-based cross-sectional design, data were collected from 439 participants with the PCL-5 scale. Statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS version 26 using descriptive and inferential methods, including means, standard deviations, frequencies, percentages, independent-sample t-tests, and ANOVA. Results showed a high prevalence (58.5%) and severe levels (40.3%) of PTSD among the survivors. No significant differences were found across sex, age, or educational status. The findings highlight an urgent need for collaborative interventions and resource mobilization to address the severe mental health challenges faced by this population.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is optimally managed through a comprehensive, individualized, and adaptable treatment approach. This review summarizes current and emerging strategies in COPD care, emphasizing both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions aimed at relieving symptoms, reducing exacerbations, and improving quality of life. Long-acting bronchodilators remain the cornerstone of pharmacologic therapy, with combination long-acting β-agonists (LABA) and long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) therapy preferred as initial treatment for most patients with persistent dyspnea or exercise intolerance. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are recommended for select patient phenotypes, particularly individuals with frequent exacerbations or elevated blood eosinophil levels. Triple therapy (LABA+LAMA+ICS) demonstrates significant benefits in reducing exacerbations and may provide mortality benefits in appropriately selected patients. Personalized treatment strategies guided by exacerbation history, blood eosinophil counts, and symptom burden have become central to contemporary COPD management. Novel biologic therapies targeting type 2 inflammation, including dupilumab and mepolizumab, have demonstrated efficacy in reducing exacerbations in patients with eosinophilic phenotypes who remain symptomatic despite optimized triple inhaler therapy. Bronchoscopic interventions, particularly endobronchial valve placement for lung volume reduction, offer meaningful improvements in lung function and quality of life for carefully selected patients. Despite these advances, significant challenges persist, especially in resource-limited settings. Barriers include limited access to guideline-recommended therapies, difficulties in managing comorbidities, inadequate implementation of pulmonary rehabilitation programs, and broader health system constraints continue to impact optimal disease management.

Artificial intelligence is rapidly entering clinical practice, yet many physicians-especially those in solo or small-group settings-lack the guidance and evaluation resources needed to use these tools safely. Because state medical boards regulate physicians rather than AI developers, clinicians remain fully accountable when AI‑assisted care contributes to patient harm. This article outlines the risks posed by opaque algorithms, hallucinated outputs, omissions, and inequitable model performance, while emphasizing that AI should augment-not replace-clinical judgment. Drawing on recent research and the Federation of State Medical Boards' 2024 guidance, the article clarifies professional responsibilities related to competence, documentation, informed consent, privacy, and bias mitigation. A practical toolkit offers actionable steps for evaluating AI tools, establishing verification protocols, monitoring performance, and ensuring transparency with patients. The article concludes that responsible physician engagement is essential to realizing AI's benefits while preserving patient safety, professional accountability, and equitable care.

Dr. Grady Orange was a baseball player in the Negro National League (NNL) from 1925 to 1930, and then a practicing physician until his sudden death. Born in 1900, in Terrell, Texas, Grady was raised in the Jim Crow South. There were economic and societal barriers for African Americans, including access to well-paying jobs and opportunities for career advancement. Hospitals were segregated, as Black doctors faced barriers to medical education and were often not permitted to practice in white institutions. After Orange's baseball career, using NNL salaries to cover costs, he turned his focus to completing medical school and graduated at the top of his class. Dr. Orange devoted time beyond his medical practice, often educating his community and giving talks on tuberculosis, syphilis, and other public health topics. Dr. Orange and other players of his era helped pave the way towards baseball integration and the start of the modern-day civil rights movement in the United States. Studying Dr. Grady Orange's biography helps preserve both his life's impact and provide a history of baseball, segregation, and medicine.

Stroke continues to be a prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality within the United States. On top of that, UTIs continue to be a prevalent complication, which leads to adverse outcomes. Nonetheless, national temporal trends in deaths associated with both stroke and UTIs have not been well understood.