Major depression displays significant heritability, and its genetic background has been extensively explored by genome-wide association studies. On the whole, these results indicate a highly polygenic landscape with significant sex-linked differences revealing a higher and more polygenic genetic influence in females than in males.

For thirty years, several healthcare systems have been offering medical assistance in dying (MAID) in the form of euthanasia or assisted suicide. This development is transforming medicine's relationship to death. From a legal perspective, MAID does not constitute a right to die, but rather, as a form of conditional decriminalization, an exception to the general prohibition on killing, under certain strict and controlled conditions. Nevertheless, the number of MAID cases and of countries decriminalizing MAID is increasing: what meaning should be given to this development? This shift raises the question of the meaning of death as a "natural fact" or a "voluntary act," a meaning that cannot, in any case, be reduced to its purely biological dimension. Is MAID an exception? Or does it establish new rules that integrate MAID into ordinary medical care? The answer does not belong solely to the medical field, but to ethical choices that resonate with citizens' expectations.

Since 2020 Long Covid has prompted a global mobilization of patients, who have documented their symptoms, named the condition, and created support groups. This article analyses, through two associations, #ApresJ20 and Covid Long Enfants, how knowledge derived from patients' experiences has been integrated into the clinical definition of Long Covid, the organization of care pathways, and participatory research, in collaboration with clinicians and researchers. It highlights both the decisive contribution of this mobilization to the recognition and management of Long Covid and the persistent gaps in institutional support regarding prevention and investment in research and care.

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which stems from mechanisms present in bacteria for millions of years, is a phenomenon that is now intensifying due to human activities and poses a major public health problem. The environment plays a key role as a reservoir, amplifier, and vector of resistance genes, a phenomenon facilitated by the presence of antibiotics, heavy metals, and biocides in soils and water. However, environmental surveillance remains limited, with an insufficient number of dedicated organizations and policies. Globally available data remain limited and heterogeneous, highlighting the need to harmonize surveillance approaches (i.e., sampling and methodology) to enable reliable comparisons between countries. It is therefore essential to implement coordinated actions at the international level, within the framework of an integrated "One Health" approach, to control the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Recent discoveries in paleogenomics have revolutionized our understanding of syphilis and other human treponematoses. Far from being a pathogen that suddenly appeared in Europe in the late Middle Ages, we now know that Treponema pallidum has been circulated among human populations for millennia. Ancient genomes recovered from pre-Columbian contexts in the Americas show that major treponemal lineages had already diversified well before the modern era, often in the absence of recognizable skeletal lesions. Genomic analyses further indicate that treponemal diversity is not the result of extensive genetic acquisition, but rather of small-scale modulation of a highly conserved genome, notably via antigenic variation involving the tpr gene family. Combined with data on endemic treponematoses, congenital syphilis, and historical pathology collections, these findings support a model in which syphilis, yaws, and bejel represent context-dependent expressions of an ancient treponemal continuum, with implications for diagnosis, epidemiology, and vaccine design.

Drug repurposing represents a strategic approach aimed at accelerating the development of treatments against viral infections. This review presents three repurposing strategies, illustrated with therapeutic compounds notably fluoxetine (Prozac[®]), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant that also exhibits several antiviral mechanisms of action. The examples discussed in this review highlight both the potential and the limitations of drug repurposing, particularly in a "plug-and-play" approach.