Interstitial lung disease-associated pulmonary hypertension (ILD-PH) is a frequent and life-limiting complication of fibrotic lung disease, associated with substantial morbidity, impaired functional capacity, and significantly reduced survival. Under-recognition remains common due to overlapping symptoms with ILD, evolving hemodynamic definitions, and the limited accuracy of current noninvasive screening tools. ILD-PH prevalence varies widely across ILD subtypes, ranging from 3-15% in early disease to more than 60% in lung transplant candidates. Even modest elevations in mean pulmonary artery pressure are prognostically meaningful, while right ventricular dysfunction represents a key determinant of mortality. Pathophysiology reflects a complex interaction between parenchymal fibrosis, chronic hypoxemia, endothelial injury, and progressive pulmonary vascular remodeling. Diagnostic evaluation requires a multimodal approach, with right heart catheterization remaining essential for definitive confirmation. Historically, vasodilator therapies have shown limited benefit; however, inhaled treprostinil has demonstrated improvements in exercise capacity, biomarkers, and clinical worsening, establishing the first evidence-based treatment for ILD-PH. Additional inhaled and targeted agents are in development, and the role of combination therapy is an emerging area of investigation. Optimal management also includes supplemental oxygen, pulmonary rehabilitation, and timely evaluation for lung transplantation. ILD-PH represents a distinct vascular phenotype requiring early detection and tailored treatment strategies. Continued advances in screening algorithms, precision therapeutics, and mechanistic research are critical to transforming ILD-PH from a terminal complication into a modifiable component of the ILD spectrum.

Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is an ultrarare paraneoplastic syndrome caused by overproduction of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). There is low awareness of the disease so that TIO is underdiagnosed. In addition, symptoms reported by patients with TIO are usually nonspecific thus rendering the diagnosis difficult to be made. Biochemical hallmarks are represented by hypophosphatemia, increased or inappropriately normal levels of FGF23, low to low normal circulating 1,25(OH)<inf>2</inf>D and renal phosphate wasting. From the histological point of view, phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors are the entities responsible in majority of cases. Tumors causing TIO are generally of small size and grow slowly. There are a number of functional and anatomical imaging techniques utilized for tumor localization; [68]Ga DOTA based technologies have the better sensitivity and specificity in respect to other techniques. Surgery is the treatment of choice; in a very few selected cases non pharmacological and pharmacological treatment are available.

This critical narrative review examines the widespread belief that exceptional longevity can be achieved through simple behavioral "recipes," frequently promoted in media and commercial discourse. Drawing on research in demography, epidemiology, gerontology, and genetics, the article reassesses commonly cited determinants of extreme longevity, including nutrition, physical activity, social environment, psychological resilience, and genetic factors. Emphasis is placed on the analytical value of studying populations characterized by unusually high survival at advanced ages, commonly referred to as "longevity Blue Zones." Whereas studies of individual centenarians provide only limited evidence linking specific behaviors to survival beyond age 100, population-level observation of validated longevity regions offers a complementary and especially informative framework. Analyses of these populations help identify long-term configurations of social, environmental, and behavioral conditions associated with exceptional survival. Recurrent features include lifelong moderate physical activity embedded in daily routines, relatively stable and frugal dietary patterns, dense family and community networks, and culturally embedded mechanisms of stress regulation and meaning. Although none of these factors alone determines extreme longevity, their sustained interaction across the life course appears to increase the probability of surviving to very advanced ages. The review underscores the importance of distinguishing determinants of healthy ageing from those of exceptional survival. Rather than proposing prescriptive formulas, the study of longevity populations provides a population-based observational model for identifying favorable life-course conditions that support extreme longevity. Such insights are valuable for promoting healthier ageing trajectories while acknowledging the multifactorial and probabilistic nature of survival to extreme ages.