Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT, or cloning) in wild animal species is considered a potential tool in biodiversity conservation to restore genetic diversity in animal populations and overcome the detrimental effects of inbreeding, climate change, or diseases in rare and endangered animal populations. In January 2026, the Committee for Companion Animals, Non-Domestic and Endangered Species (CANDES) of the International Embryo Technology Society (IETS) organized a round table discussion on future directions in wildlife cloning. This paper reflects the content of discussions among experts in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and specialists in wild animal conservation. After reviewing the advantages and limitations of SCNT, several research priorities were identified. Importantly, strengthening open communication and data exchange among experts was highly recommended to ensure that progress in the field is effective. It was also emphasized that regulatory and ethical frameworks are still required to better integrate this technology into animal conservation efforts. Overall, SCNT remains a highly specialized technology with a distinct, yet currently limited, role in biodiversity conservation. Its true value does not lie in immediate population recovery, but in its capacity to preserve genetic material, generate critical scientific insight, and inspire new collaborations across different disciplines.

Spermatozoa (sperm) are the endpoint of a complex developmental process shaped by physiology, environment, and evolution. Their diversity and functional sophistication underpin our foundational understanding of male reproductive science. Here, I reconnect male reproductive healthcare and fertility practice with the dynamic biology underlying sperm diversity, emphasising their structural, functional, and physiological intricacy in both research and clinical settings. Drawing on presentations delivered at the 2025 Society for Reproductive Biology Annual Conference (Perth, Australia) and the 2025 Fertility Society of Australia and New Zealand Annual Conference (Adelaide, Australia), this viewpoint article underscores that sperm complexity must guide both scientific inquiry and evidence-based clinical practice that is demonstrably linked to meaningful patient outcomes.