Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is an emerging red meat allergy, IgE-mediated, with delayed reactions to a carbohydrate derived from mammals: α-gal (galactose-α-1,3-galactose). Sensitization follows a tick bite. AGS epidemiology remains mysterious, likely due to underreporting and underdiagnosis. AGS disrupts traditional allergy paradigms with its delayed and idiosyncratic manifestations, and the difficulty of allergen eviction due to its pervasiveness in the patients' environment. Many cases have been diagnosed in France over the past 15 years.

Life expectancy is sex-dependent: women live longer than men, and even though it is improving in both sexes, this difference remains true.The recent Covid-19 crisis has been pathognomonic of this. The essential element of this dimorphism is the way in which each sex controls inflammatory homeostasis, both in terms of kinetics and intensity. This review evaluates the mechanistic literature on the subject, the diagnostic, regulatory, and therapeutic aspects; it concludes with future prospects for the management of patients with severe infections or other concerning inflammatory disorders.

The past fifteen years have seen significant changes in the field of spondyloarthritis (SpA). Beyond the change in terminology from ankylosing spondylitis to radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA), advances in pathophysiological insights have highlighted the gut-enthesis axis as a central component of disease development. On the diagnostic front, the introduction of MRI of the sacroiliac joints has been a major advancement, although it has led to an increase in misdiagnoses due to the limited specificity of the technique. From a therapeutic standpoint, biologic treatments targeting TNF and IL-17, as well as Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi), have brought substantial symptom relief, though they require careful monitoring for infectious risks. Particular attention is given to the risk of venous thromboembolism and cardiovascular events with JAKi. Despite these noteworthy advances, unmet needs remain, especially among patients who are difficult to manage both in terms of inflammation and pain.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN), or Berger's disease, is a common primary glomerulonephritis that presents a variety of clinical manifestations. The most typical presentation consists of episodes of gross hematuria in young adults, often occurring concurrently with upper respiratory tract infections. However, it may also present microscopic hematuria, varying degrees of proteinuria, renal insufficiency, or hypertension of varying severity. The diagnosis is based on kidney biopsy, which reveals IgA mesangial deposits. This condition may be associated with other systemic diseases that should be investigated. The course is heterogeneous, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapidly progressive forms. Prognostic factors - both clinical and biological (hypertension, proteinuria, renal function) and histopathological (Oxford classification criteria) - help guide therapeutic management. The cornerstone of treatment remains nephroprotection. The indication for immunomodulatory therapies should be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Numerous studies are currently underway to evaluate the effectiveness of promising new treatments targeting the production of pathogenic IgA or their inflammatory consequences within the glomeruli.

Intravitreal anti-VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) injections have transformed the prognosis of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) over the past two decades. They are effective in stabilizing the disease, despite the cost of regular injections and follow-up examinations. The advent of biosimilars and second-generation molecules (which allow for longer average treatment intervals) would help to reduce the cost of these therapies. While these treatments have significantly reduced visual impairment due to wet-AMD, they continue to represent a major economic challenge.