This article analyzes materials on the history of Russian medical societies, identifying four periods in their history. The first few voluntary associations dedicated to the development of medical science and the advanced training of physicians emerged in 1804, following the establishment of imperial universities empowered to establish societies. The second period begins in the 1860s, following the simplification of the procedure for approving the charters of public organizations. It is characterized by an explosive growth in the number of medical societies, some of which (the Russian Society for the Protection of Public Health, the Pirogov Society) played a significant role in the development of Russian medicine, reaching the national level in their activities. The third period begins after the Bolsheviks came to power; highly specialized societies focused exclusively on developing the science and practice of their disciplines. The fourth period begins in the 1990s, following the collapse of the USSR and the introduction of evidence-based medicine principles into all areas of healthcare. The number of medical societies grows, and they acquire new functions, such as the development of medical care standards and clinical guidelines.

Invasive lobular breast carcinoma is characterized by infiltrative growth and a tendency toward atypical metastasis, including to the gastrointestinal tract, where metastases are often diffusely infiltrative, complicating their visualization and potentially leading to diagnostic errors. This paper presents a clinical case of a 55-year-old female patient with long-standing (approximately 20 years) abdominal pain syndrome. Based on imaging studies and elevated fecal calprotectin levels, this pain syndrome was interpreted as Crohn's disease, despite the lack of response to standard therapy. One year after confirmation of invasive lobular breast cancer (luminal A subtype, T1N1M0), the patient continued to experience abdominal symptoms until the development of dynamic intestinal obstruction, which required surgical intervention. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of the resected intestinal segment confirmed metastatic involvement of the small and large intestines. This case demonstrates a rare variant of lobular breast cancer metastasis to the intestine, which had been masquerading as Crohn's disease for a long time. It highlights the need for oncological vigilance in patients with abdominal symptoms and a history of cancer, as well as the crucial role of immunohistochemistry in verifying the diagnosis.

Exosomes are extracellular membrane vesicles with a diameter of 30-150 nm secreted by various cell types into the extracellular environment and regulating many vital physiological processes, including signaling, immune activation, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Numerous studies conducted in recent years have demonstrated the key role of exosomes in the development of various gastrointestinal diseases, including cancer, allowing them to be considered as potentially promising diagnostic biomarkers. Furthermore, due to their inherent biocompatibility, ability to overcome biological barriers, low toxicity, and immunogenicity, exosomes can be used for targeted drug delivery in the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal diseases. This review article systematizes and presents information on exosomes, their functions, extraction and detection methods, and examines the main exosomal markers, which demonstrate significant potential for the diagnosis and treatment of various gastrointestinal diseases.

The article describes the history of the development and implementation of stress tests in cardiology for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease, with a particular attention to the creation, implementation and development of the treadmill test.

In recent years, studies have been carried out that have expanded the understanding of the role of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying impaired regulation of aldosterone and activation of mineralocorticoid receptors in arterial hypertension. The aim of this consensus is to consider the association between aldosterone dysregulation and the development of cardiovascular complications, as well as to assess the effectivity and safety of novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, to expand the understanding of their potential in ensuring the prevention of target organ damage and cardiovascular complications in the treatment of patients with hypertension, to analyze the potential of a new class of drugs - aldosterone synthase inhibitors - in ensuring the suppression of genomic and non-genomic effects of aldosterone and their adverse effects in patients with hypertension, to assess the efficacy of drug therapy including nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and aldosterone synthase inhibitors in the category of patients at high cardiovascular risk - in hypertension due to primary hyperaldosteronism.

The article is devoted to an overview of the current stage of development of the movement of doctors, which received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985 and was founded by Evgeny Ivanovich Chazov and Bernard Lown. In the year of the fortieth anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster, it is extremely important for the entire medical community to remember the stages of the organization's development, as well as to understand the current state of medical and scientific diplomacy, the development of which is the key to the continued existence of mankind and the protection of the health of the population as a whole.