Color stability is a key factor limiting the quality of Aronia melanocarpa fruit wine. Therefore, improving the color stability and shortening the fermentation and aging periods of fruit wine have attracted increasing attention. This study investigated the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment with different intensities (high, medium, and low) on the color indices (color intensity (CI), lightness, red-green value, yellow-blue value, total color difference) and phenolic components during the fermentation and 60-day aging process of the wine. Among them, high-intensity ultrasonic treatment (600 W/50 °C/30 min) maximized the extraction of anthocyanins, with an extraction rate 87.4 % higher than that of traditional extraction and 7 % higher than that of enzymatic hydrolysis, and enhanced the color intensity after fermentation (the CI value was 23.2 % higher than that of the juice after fermentation). Meanwhile, medium-intensity ultrasonic treatment (420 W, 50 °C/30 min) yielded the best aging performance, with higher levels of tannins, kaempferol, and quercetin observed (anthocyanin retention rate was 61.81 %, CI increased by 5.29 %; in the control group, anthocyanin retention rate was 55.00 %, CI decreased by 20.1 %). Correlation analysis showed that anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, and ellagic acid were positively correlated with CI. In conclusion, ultrasonic pretreatment altered phenolic composition, increased pigment content, and enhanced color stability, providing a theoretical basis for the optimization of wine processing technology.

The palm oil industry generates abundant by-products with great potential for high-value utilization. This study compared the yield, structural characteristics, and regulatory effects on β-carotene bioconversion of palm fruit polysaccharides obtained by conventional lactic-acid warm-water extraction (CE-PFP) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UE-PFP). The yield of UE-PFP was 1.62 times that of CE-PFP, and UE-PFP exhibited lower molecular weight and altered monosaccharide composition. Methylation analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that ultrasonication reshaped the fine glycan architecture of palm‑fruit polysaccharides. Compared with CE‑PFP, UE‑PFP contained rhamnose residues within its backbone and lost glucose residues in its side‑chains, leading to substantial rearrangement of side‑chain sugar‑residue profiles. SEM further revealed distinct morphological disparities: CE‑PFP adopted a dense layered structure, whereas UE‑PFP possessed a loose porous fibrous network. Compared with CE‑PFP, UE‑PFP exhibited stronger inhibition against Escherichia coli and more pronounced enrichment of Bacteroides, showing superior overall capacity for gut‑microbiota remodeling. Meanwhile, UE‑PFP displayed greater potency in up‑regulating β‑carotene‑metabolizing enzymes and facilitating retinol synthesis. Pseudo‑germ‑free mouse assays confirmed that the β‑carotene‑to‑retinol bioconversion‑promoting effects of both CE‑PFP and UE‑PFP were dependent on gut‑microbiota remodeling. In summary, ultrasonic modification remodels the gut‑microbiota‑regulatory capacity of palm‑fruit polysaccharides, providing new insights into plant polysaccharide modification and the valorization of palm‑oil by‑products.

Rose essential oil production generates large amounts of solid residues, which remain underutilized despite their richness in bioactive compounds. Profiling of the rose residues in this study identified N[1], N[5], N[1][0]-(E)-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine (ETCS), a representative bioactive phenolamide. Following that, an ultrasound-assisted cloud point extraction (UA-CPE) strategy was developed to recover ETCS from these residues. The optimized extraction conditions were 5% (w/v) Brij 58, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:40 (g/mL), and a nominal ultrasonic power of 480 W at 50 °C for 30 min. The ETCS yield reached 2.86 ± 0.15 mg/g, which was approximately 80% higher than that obtained by ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction. Subsequent phase separation (10% (w/v) Na2SO4, pH 4.0, 35 °C) achieved a 7.1-fold concentration factor with 98% recovery. Greenness and practicality assessments using AGREE, AGREEprep, and BAGI indicated favorable greenness and laboratory-scale practicality of the developed method. Instrumental characterization and DFT calculations suggested that ETCS may associate with the relatively hydrophilic POE region of Brij 58. Overall, these findings support UA-CPE as an efficient strategy for the recovery and preconcentration of ETCS from rose residues, thereby contributing to the value-added utilization of rose byproducts.

Conventional hydrothermal carbonization of biomass generally produces carbon dots (CD) with low yield and variable quality, mainly due to incomplete hydrolysis. This study evaluated how ultrasonication pretreatment and sequential pre/post-treatment influenced hydrothermal carbonization of Gracilaria fisheri and the properties of the resulting CD. Probe ultrasonication (Sonics VC750, 20 kHz, 13 mm probe) was applied to 50 mL suspensions at 20, 50, and 80% amplitude for cumulative ultrasonication-on time of 5 or 15 min, using 5 s on/5 s off pulses and ice-bath cooling. Hydrothermal carbonization was performed at 200 °C for 8 h. Recovered-solid yield and physicochemical parameters were used to select optimal conditions. PreCD[80%/5min], which showed the highest yield and zeta-potential among PreCD was selected for subsequent post-treatment. Pre/PostCD further increased the recovered-solids yield to 90.47% (Pre/PostCD[80%/5min]). FTIR spectra confirmed the retention of oxygen-rich functional groups, while TEM images showed smaller, more dispersed particles following sequential treatment. Pre/PostCD[80%/5min] exhibitedstronger UV-C attenuation and excitation-dependent photoluminescence, whereas PreCD[80%/5min] showedgreater photostability under 254 nm irradiation. Pre/PostCD[80%/5min] exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, including an ABTS radical-scavenging activity of 68.03 mmol Trolox equivalent/mg and a metal-chelating ability of 0.13 mmol ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent/mg.All tested CDs exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.50 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings demonstrate that the sonication sequence influenced the recovered-solids yield and bioactivities. The effects of ultrasonication on antioxidant and antibacterial activities warrant further investigation to clarify the associated changes in material properties and functionality. The produced CD requires validation in food applications and a safety assessment.

This study reports direct experimental observations of shockwave propagation and cavitation bubble formation inside liquid water droplets during high-speed impact (80-180 m/s) on solid surfaces, together with jetting observed at the distal end of the droplet. Ultra-high-speed shadowgraph and angle-view imaging at 10 million frames per second resolved two distinct internal wave structures: a primary compression front (1500-2050 m/s), consistent with pressure-dependent corrections to the acoustic wave speed, and a secondary tension wave emerging approximately 500 ns later, generated by reflection at the curved water-air interface. The curved distal surface focuses converging rarefaction waves into a caustic region, leading to cavitation nucleation 1.2-1.5 µs after impact. The subsequent asymmetric collapse of these cavitation structures drives directed jetting from the distal end, with jet morphology dependent on droplet geometry: coherent jets for smaller spherical droplets (<2 mm) whereas spray-like ejection is typical for larger, elongated droplets (>2 mm). At the proximal end of the droplet, air is entrapped between the surface and the droplet, collapsing into a toroidal-shaped bubble that exhibits oscillations in the 0.5-1.8 MHz range. All presented results, including experimental data and accompanying analysis, provide benchmark validation data for computational models of compressible droplet impact.

Non-thermal ultrasound (US) is a powerful processing technology that alters the textural, physicochemical, and volatile properties of novel foods such as cultured meat, plant-based meat alternatives (PBMA), precision fermentation-derived products, insect-based proteins, and algae-based foods through cavitation-driven acoustic effects. These changes directly affect the sensory attributes that shape consumer perceptions and acceptance of novel foods. This review examines the mechanistic relationship between US food processing and the consumer sensory-acceptance barrier, drawing on evidence from sonochemistry, behavioral economics, sensory science, food policy, and digital marketing. We stated that US-induced modifications in flavor (through modulation of Maillard reaction precursors, volatile compound generation, and lipid oxidation control), texture (through starch gelatinization, emulsion stabilization, and myofibrillar disruption), aroma (through controlled release of encapsulated volatile compounds), and color (through Maillard browning and pigment stability) potentially contribute to consumer acceptance by affecting sensory attributes. However, these relationships should be considered as proposed pathways rather than experimentally validated causal mechanisms, as direct consumer acceptance studies remain limited. Specifically, US-modified flavor and texture profiles of PBMAs, microalgae ingredients, and insect protein powders address the most consistently cited sensory barriers to consumer trial and repeat purchase. The review further combines cross-domain moderators, cultural disgust, food neophobia, behavioral nudges, labeling framing, digital and social media influence, and pricing that operate at higher cognitive and policy levels, demonstrating how US sensory improvements must be coupled with consumer-centered communication strategies to translate physicochemical gains into marketplace acceptance. A comparative analysis of existing studies indicates a persistent attitude-behavior gap, suggesting that US-optimized sensory quality alone does not fully determine consumer acceptance.

This study aimed to clarify how the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process modifies the cavitation erosion-corrosion (CE-corrosion) behaviour of NiTi alloys in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, through a systematic comparison with an as-cast NiTi counterpart. Ultrasonic CE-corrosion mass-loss tests, potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarisation, Mott-Schottky analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were combined to correlate microstructure, passive-film properties, and damage evolution. After 20 h of CE, the cumulative mass loss of the LPBF NiTi alloy reached 5.65 mg, approximately 2.57 times that of the as-cast alloy (2.20 mg), and its steady-state mass-loss rate (∼0.28 mg·h[-1]) was about 2.6 times that of the as-cast alloy (∼0.11 mg·h[-1]). Rapid solidification generated a metastable B19' martensitic phase and a high density of process-induced defects in the LPBF alloy. Its passive film contained a higher fraction of low-valence oxides (TiO) and exhibited a higher donor density than that of the as-cast alloy, indicating a less protective barrier layer. Failure mechanism analysis revealed that microgalvanic corrosion and stress acted synergistically to accelerate passive-film rupture and substrate damage in the LPBF alloy. These findings establish the relationships among microstructure, passive-film characteristics, electrochemical behaviour, and CE resistance, thereby providing an experimental and mechanistic basis for enhancing the marine-service performance of LPBF NiTi alloys.

Calcium sulfate (gypsum) scale removal is a major operational issue concerning oil production facilities, as the deposits damage equipment and their removal causes prolonged downtime. Therefore, investigating process intensification techniques is pivotal for reducing scale removal time. This study focuses on the application of acoustic cavitation to the dissolution of gypsum, using two different types of dissolvers: potassium carbonate, a converter, and tetrasodium EDTA, a chelating agent. Compared with soaking at ambient temperature, ultrasound-assisted treatment increased gypsum removal 8.5-fold with potassium carbonate and 56-fold with tetrasodium EDTA. Silent experiments following the same temperature profile showed that heating accounts for much of this gain, with cavitation providing a further 1.6-fold and 2.9-fold increase, respectively. Electron microscopy indicated different mechanisms. Potassium carbonate converts gypsum layer by layer under silent conditions, whereas ultrasound produced deep cavities beyond the surface layer, consistent with localized cavitation-induced penetration. With tetrasodium EDTA, surface morphology was unchanged, suggesting that enhanced mass transfer dominates. These bench-scale findings support acoustic cavitation as a process intensification tool for scale removal, warranting further studies on field applicability.

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that ultrasound-assisted lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation can improve the functional quality of fruit juices. However, the growth phase-dependent metabolic responses of LAB to low-frequency ultrasonication remain poorly understood. In this study, low-frequency ultrasonication (83.6 and 119.17 W/L) was applied during the lag, logarithmic, and stationary phases of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA137 fermentation in Citrus aurantium L. juice. Microbial growth, physicochemical properties, β-glucosidase activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in this study. Ultrasonication applied during the logarithmic and stationary phases exerted greater effects on microbial metabolism and functional quality than treatment during the lag phase. Among all treatments, ultrasonication at 119.17 W/L during the logarithmic phase (LU4) and 83.6 W/L during the stationary phase (LU5) showed superior enhancement of β-glucosidase activity, phenolic/flavonoid accumulation, and antioxidant capacity. Integrated untargeted metabolomics revealed distinct metabolic responses between LU4 and LU5. LU4 preferentially promoted phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism, resulting in the accumulation of antioxidant-related metabolites, including gallic acid, taxifolin, and 7-galloylcatechin. In contrast, LU5 mainly enhanced amino acid and organic acid metabolism, leading to increased levels of lactic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, alanine, and serine. Correlation analysis further linked these metabolites to improved antioxidant properties. These findings demonstrate that low-frequency ultrasonication redirects microbial metabolism toward distinct functional routes depending on the growth phase of L. acidophilus, providing new mechanistic insights into the precise regulation of ultrasound-assisted LAB fermentation.

This study presents a simple ultrasonication-assisted route for the synthesis of α-MnO2 nanoflowers at room temperature. The process employs acoustic cavitation at 40 kHz and 100 W with test synthesis times of 0, 20, 40, and 60 min. The best results were obtained with 40 min of sonication, yielding uniform nanoflower structures with (2 × 2) tunnel framework of α-MnO2, a maximum specific BET surface area of 182 m[2] g[-1] and total pore volume of 0.41 cm[3] g[-1]. Besides, the electrochemical measurements of α-MnO2 nanoflowers were carried out using a three-electrode configuration, achieving a specific capacitance of 121F g[-1] in 1 M Na2SO4 and 116F g[-1] in 1 M LiCl electrolytes at 2 mV s[-1] for 40 min sonicated sample. Moreover, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicates notable reduction in the charge transfer resistance upon optimization. The fabricated symmetric device exhibits a coulombic efficiency of ∼99% over 10,000 cycles in a 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. The ambient, template-free synthesis condition offer clear pathways to industrial scalability. This work establishes sonication duration as a versatile parameter for engineering metal oxides with tailored morphology, delivering reliable performance and long-term stability in neutral aqueous supercapacitors.

Oleosomes are intracellular lipid-storage organelles found in oilseeds and represent a promising yet underexplored source of proteinaceous emulsifiers for structuring food-grade colloidal systems. In this study, extrinsic proteins (OP) from soybean oleosomes were extracted under controlled alkaline-ultrasonic treatment (0-400 W) to elucidate how ultrasound-mediated protein remodeling governs interfacial adsorption kinetics, high-internal-phase emulsion (HIPE) formation, rheological behavior, and probiotic protection. Alkaline-ultrasonic treatment from 0 to 300 W significantly increased the protein recovery from 40.15% to 58.84%, solubility from 74.10% to 87.61%, and zeta potential from -8.81 to -13.31 mV, while reduced the particle size from 651 to 389 nm. Spectroscopic analyses revealed controlled protein remodeling characterized by increased exposure of hydrophobic and aromatic residues, reduced α-helix content from 22.95% to 15.03%, and increased β-sheet structures from 34.16% to 42.14%. Ultrasonic treatment (300 W) effectively improved the protein diffusion rate (0.106 to 0.182 mNm[-1]s[-0.5]) and penetration rate (3.971 × 10[-4] to 4.682 × 10[-4] s[-1]) at the oil-water interface, indicating the formation of strengthened interfacial protein films. HIPEs stabilized by OP-300 revealed the smallest droplet size, intensified droplet-droplet interactions, superior viscoelastic properties, and excellent storage stability. LAOS analysis further confirmed that HIPEs prepared with OP-200 and OP-300 maintained structural integrity under large deformation amplitudes ≤100%, compared to the untreated sample ≤10%, indicating the formation of stronger and more cohesive gel networks. Moreover, encapsulated Lactobacillus reuteri showed improved survival rate during simulated digestion, increasing viable cell counts from 4.12 × 10[7] to 7.21 × 10[7] CFU/mL. These findings established that ultrasound tailors OP structure-function relationships, enabling their use as sustainable emulsifiers for robust HIPEs with enhanced probiotic delivery.

The effect of ultrasound-assisted binary probiotic fermentation on the quality of sugarcane bagasse dietary fiber (SBDF)-added synbiotics yogurt were investigated. The results showed that 0.25 % (w/v) of SBDF significantly reduced yogurt syneresis. Furthermore, ultrasound-assisted fermentation with L. plantarum CGMCC 1.5953 and L. fermentum CGMCC 1.7434 improved the yogurt's texture, rheology, microstructure, and sensory scores. These improvements were supported by metabolomic analysis, which showed an 11.91-fold upregulation of galactitol and decreased concentrations of L-phenylalanine, L-glutamic acid, and L-allothreonine. Integrated sensory and molecular analyses (HS-SPME-GC-MS, UHPLC-MS) identified that enhanced texture scores were associated with SBDF-derived metabolites, including L-erythrulose, α-lactose, and erythritol. Meanwhile, the improved odor scores were associated with increased levels of ethyl acetate, hexanoic acid, and 2-nonanone. Key pathways involve galactose, tyrosine, glycine-serine-threonine metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and lysine degradation. This study provides valuable insights for the high-value utilization of sugarcane bagasse dietary fiber and the production of premium-quality yogurt.

Acoustic cavitation is a transient and spatially heterogeneous process that governs energy deposition and mechanical effects during high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) exposure. Active B-mode imaging is attractive for monitoring because it is readily available on clinical ultrasound systems; however, therapy-imaging coupling can introduce drifting stripe artifacts that overlap with cavitation backscatter and compromise gray-level thresholding and region of interest (ROI) based quantification. Here we present an image-domain B-mode framework for cavitation-associated feature separation and spatiotemporal quantification based on singular-value decomposition (SVD) and magnitude-based spectral gating. B-mode sequences are rearranged into a spatiotemporal matrix, decomposed into singular components, and reconstructed into full-field maps of cavitation-associated image features from finite frame stacks. Highly coherent components are assigned to quasi-steady HIFU-related echoes and background scattering, whereas candidate cavitation components are selected according to their spectral-magnitude distribution, allowing stripe components observed in the present B-mode sequences to be suppressed while intermittent candidate cavitation-associated image fluctuations are retained. Experiments in egg-white polyacrylamide gels and ex vivo bovine liver showed that the proposed method suppressed stripe artifacts, improved frame-to-frame consistency, and detected cavitation onset earlier than conventional grayscale thresholding. The image-derived cavitation area increased with both acoustic pressure and pulse length and followed the trends observed in post-exposure axial damage morphology. This unsupervised method requires neither training data nor manual ROI selection, and therefore provides a practical image-based metric for retrospective visualization and quantification of cavitation-associated features during therapeutic ultrasound exposures.

The sonochemical degradation of CCl4 in an Ar-H2 dissolved aqueous solution was investigated. In particular, the proportion of dissolved H2 in the total dissolved gas was analyzed as a key variable. The observed non-linear correlation between the degradation rate of CCl4 and H2 proportion in the Ar-H2 mixed gas system suggested two opposing effects of H2 on the system. As the positive effect of H2, the increase in the concentration of H radicals formed from H2 could contribute to the reductive degradation of CCl4. On the other hand, as the negative effects of H2, the decreases in bubble number and bubble temperatures could suppress the formation of H radicals and the degradation of CCl4. This interpretation was supported by the multiple experimental results of sonoluminescence (SL) measurement, H2O2 formation, quantitative evaluation of dissolved gas concentration, and analysis of bubble temperature and carbon-containing products in the Ar-H2 mixed gas system.

Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) is highly perishable and requires dehydration for preservation, creating challenges for retaining nutritional and functional quality. This study compared blue, yellow, and red light-emitting diode (LED) treatment followed by a common ultrasound pretreatment and far-infrared drying at 70, 80, and 90 °C. Treatment-dependent effects were evaluated for drying behaviour, apparent activation parameters, antioxidant and enzymatic responses, phenolic composition, endpoint surface morphology, and volatile profiles. In the drying profiles at the 90 °C chamber, US-BL90 and US-YL90 reached the final moisture criterion at approximately 300 min, whereas US-Con90 reached it at approximately 540 min. Within the empirical-model comparison, the Hii and Midilli models yielded the strongest goodness-of-fit statistics; the derived apparent activation energies ranged from 23.43 to 31.28 kJ/mol. DPPH radical-scavenging activity was highest in US-Con80 (0.94 mM TE/g), while total phenolic content was highest in US-Con90 (2.42 mg GAE/100 g). US-YL70 showed the highest summed concentration of quantified phenolic compounds among the processed samples. Browning index was highest in US-RL80 (0.61). SEM showed treatment-dependent endpoint external surface features, including surface openings, fissures, compact regions, and differences in wax-like surface features. The applied HS-SPME/GC-MS workflow identified 82 volatile compounds and showed treatment-dependent differences in the measured volatile profiles. Overall, LED treatment within a common ultrasound-assisted far-infrared drying sequence modified dehydration behaviour and multiple quality attributes, but no treatment produced uniformly beneficial responses across all measured outcomes.