| Title | 'Toll' gates for future immunotherapy. | | Author(s) | Ishii KJ, Uematsu S, Akira S | | Institution | Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. | | Source | Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12(32):4135-42. | | Abstract | Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionary conserved transmembrane proteins that recognize a unique pattern of molecules derived from pathogens or damaged cells, triggering robust but defined innate immune responses. TLR-mediated innate and/or adaptive immune responses play an important role in a variety of diseases including infectious diseases, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, allergy, and atherosclerosis. Each TLR displays a differential expression pattern, intracellular localization and signaling pathway, resulting in distinct immune responses. A variety of new TLR ligands including agonists (e.g. urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein as a TLR4 ligand, siRNA as TLR3 or 7 ligand, Plasmodium falciparum Hemozoin as a TLR9 ligand, Profilin-like protein in Toxoplasma gondii as a TLR11 ligand) and antagonists (G-rich oligodeoxynucleotides as antagonist for TLR9) have been identified, and some of other TLR ligands are already under clinical trials. The manipulation or intervention of TLR-mediated immune responses is a possible multiple 'Toll' gate for future developments of immunotherapies. | | Language | eng | | Pub Type(s) | Journal Article
| | PubMed ID | 17100616 |
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