Creevy KE
Airway evaluation and flexible endoscopic procedures in dogs and cats: laryngoscopy, transtracheal wash, tracheobronchoscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage. [Journal Article]
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2009 Sep; 39(5):869-80.
Flexible endoscopy is a valuable diagnostic approach to the upper and lower respiratory tract, becauseit allows direct visualization and sample collection. Techniques requiring a range of specialized equipment and varying levels of experience have been developed to access and evaluate each anatomic region. Familiarity with appropriate indications for each procedure and normal appearance, cytology, and culture results from each region will enhance diagnostic success.
More from this journal |
