Padmos RC, Van Baal GC, Vonk R, Wijkhuijs AJ, Kahn RS, Nolen WA, Drexhage HA
Genetic and environmental influences on pro-inflammatory monocytes in bipolar disorder: a twin study. [Comparative Study, Journal Article, Twin Study]
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009 Sep; 66(9):957-65.
CONTEXT: A monocyte pro-inflammatory state has previously been reported in bipolar disorder (BD).
OBJECTIVE: To determine the contribution of genetic and environmental influences on the association between monocyte pro-inflammatory state and BD.
DESIGN: A quantitative polymerase chain reaction case-control study of monocytes in bipolar twins. Determination of the influence of additive genetic, common, and unique environmental factors by structural equation modeling (ACE).
SETTING: Dutch academic research center.
PARTICIPANTS: Eighteen monozygotic BD twin pairs, 23 dizygotic BD twin pairs, and 18 monozygotic and 16 dizygotic healthy twin pairs.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Expression levels of monocytes in the previously reported coherent set of 19 genes (signature) reflecting the pro-inflammatory state.
RESULTS: The familial occurrence of the association between the monocyte pro-inflammatory gene-expression signature and BD found in the within-trait/cross-twin correlations (twin correlations) was due to shared environmental factors (ie, both monozygotic and dizygotic ratios in twin correlations approximated 1; ACE modeling data: 94% [95% confidence interval, 53%-99%] explained by common [shared] environmental factors). Although most individual signature genes followed this pattern, there was a small subcluster of genes in which genetic influences could dominate.
CONCLUSION: The association of the monocyte pro-inflammatory state with BD is primarily the result of a common shared environmental factor.
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