Ultrasonography of bovine urinary tract disorders. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice [Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract] Journal article

Ultrasonography is a helpful diagnostic tool in cattle with urinary tract disorders. It can be used to diagnose pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, hydronephrosis, renal cysts, renal tumors, amyloidosis, cystitis, bladder paralysis, bladder rupture, bladder neoplasms, and, occasionally, nephrosis, glomerulonephritis, and embolic nephritis. This article describes the anatomy, scanning technique, indications, limitations, normal and pathologic sonographic appearance of the bovine urinary tract. References from horses and humans are included, especially when the sonographic findings in these species may complement the understanding of similar diseases reported in cattle.

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice [Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract]