| Title | Gender-confirming facial surgery: considerations on the masculinity and femininity of faces. | | Author(s) | Hage JJ, Becking AG, de Graaf FH, Tuinzing DB | | Institution | Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Academisch Ziekenhuis Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. | | Source | Plast Reconstr Surg 1997 Jun; 99(7):1799-807. | | MeSH | Cephalometry
Dentition
Esthetics
Eye
Eyebrows
Face
Facial Bones
Facial Muscles
Female
Forehead
Hair
Humans
Male
Mandible
Neck
Nose
Orbit
Sex
Sex Characteristics
Sex Differentiation Disorders
Skin
Skull
Surgery, Plastic
Zygoma
| | Abstract | While aesthetic facial surgery performed for reasons of undesired facial masculinity or femininity has had some attention in the literature, there is a lack of information on gender-confirming facial surgery as part of an overall surgical sex reassignment program. In this paper we try to capture some of the sex differences, respectively, of skeleton, musculature and other subcutaneous soft tissues, integument and frame of the face. From this, we come to a description of some general differences of facial appearance between the sexes. In restructuring the skeletal architecture and facial proportions to match the desired gender, these factors should be taken into account. | | Language | eng | | Pub Type(s) | Journal Article
| | PubMed ID | 9180702 |
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