Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a common male genitourinary condition comprising urinary, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and/or psychological concerns with pain as a prominent feature. It is a diagnosis of exclusion. Physicians should use validated patient questionnaires to inventory presenting symptoms and symptom evolution over time. Questionnaires, such as the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index, can be particularly helpful in monitoring treatment effect on symptoms. Standardized classification systems can prove useful in choosing therapeutic modalities. Treatment should be individualized for each patient and multimodal; it should focus on symptomatic improvement, with a 25% or 6-point reduction in the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index score being defined as success. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a chronic pain condition. Although pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment modalities have variable proven benefit, few are supported by robust evidence. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome does not predispose men to prostate cancer, but it may be associated with male infertility. Physicians should also be alert for its mental health effects on men.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological chronic diseases worldwide. While medications can control seizures, about one-third of people with epilepsy have drug-resistant epilepsy and continue to experience seizures. Psychosocial burdens are a major concern, as they are linked to seizure worsening and vice versa. Early identification of risk factors for psychosocial burdens could help prevent such deterioration. However, a comprehensive and time-efficient screening tool to detect these risks is lacking. Therefore, this study aims to develop such a screening tool and to test its psychometric properties.

Stroke is the leading cause of adult-onset epilepsy. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classifies seizures occurring within 7 days of stroke as acute symptomatic seizures (ASyS); later seizures are classified as unprovoked/remote symptomatic. After a single remote symptomatic seizure, a diagnosis of post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) requires an estimated 10-year recurrence risk of at least 60%. We review three frequently conflated questions: how post-stroke seizures should be classified, how the risk of subsequent epilepsy should be estimated, and how patients should be managed. The 2010 ILAE Task Force introduced this definition for epidemiological use, acknowledged that its criteria were somewhat arbitrary, and identified lesion-based refinement in cerebrovascular disease as an unresolved objective; a dedicated ILAE working group is now revisiting the definition. Risk prediction has already progressed beyond a binary approach, largely by incorporating rather than discarding early seizure timing. Temporal classification and multivariable risk estimation are complementary. The principal gap concerns management and diagnostic consequences. Estimated post-stroke seizure risk spans approximately an order of magnitude, whereas the epilepsy label and its driving, occupational, and insurance consequences remain dichotomous. Antiseizure medication prescribing represents a related but distinct problem: treatment should already be individualised, yet available evidence suggests that prescribing is inconsistently calibrated to recurrence risk. Existing prediction models address neither mismatch as they were not designed to do so. We define the evidence required to support a graded framework, the properties such a framework must preserve, and the settings in which its applicability remains unproven.

Diagnosis in epilepsy depends on several distinct objectives-including interictal epileptiform discharge (IED) detection, source localisation of epileptiform activity, and seizure classification-each shaped by the underlying sensing technology. This review examines the opportunities that quantum magnetic sensing offers within this diagnostic framework, with particular emphasis on translational readiness and clinical potential. Seizure classification is included to situate the broader clinical context of epilepsy diagnostics, whereas the review of quantum sensing evidence is focused on IED detection and presurgical source localisation, the objectives for which such evidence currently exists. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) provides non-invasive source localisation that complements electroencephalography (EEG), and its clinical adoption is increasingly determined by advances in magnetic sensor technology. Optically pumped magnetometer (OPM)-based MEG represents the most clinically developed quantum sensing application, progressing from proof-of-concept in 2020 toward small-cohort clinical feasibility studies from 2022 onwards. By enabling on-scalp recordings at reduced sensor-to-brain distance, OPM-MEG improves signal amplitude and permits flexible sensor placement, with early evidence of benefit in paediatric populations and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. However, current evidence derives from small, heterogeneous cohorts, and no prospective data yet link OPM-MEG to surgical outcomes. [4]He-OPMs represent an early feasibility stage with IED detection comparable to superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-MEG in small case series; nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond and silicon carbide divacancy magnetometry remain preclinical, constrained by a fundamental standoff-sensitivity trade-off. We conclude that OPM-MEG is best positioned as a complementary modality within established presurgical workflows, with prospective multicentre outcome studies representing the critical next step toward clinical translation.

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), otherwise known as Janz syndrome and impulsive petit mal, is an idiopathic, hereditary, and generalized form of epilepsy. It was first described by Herpin in 1867, later on by Janz and Christian in 1957 as 'impulsive petit mal,' and by Lund in 1975 as JME. Its characteristics are the presence of absence, myoclonic, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

Epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) is a rare brain disorder where a patient experiences recurrent and, sometimes, unrelenting focal onset seizures with retained awareness occurring over hours, days, or even years. The pathophysiology of the disease is understood to be complicated. The disease can manifest in a variety of forms such as myoclonic epilepsy, localized myoclonus, Jacksonian epilepsy, and sensorimotor clonic seizures to name a few. Both cortical and subcortical mechanisms have been identified as an etiology. The localized nature of the seizures along with preserved consciousness and postictal confusion and weakness (Todd paralysis) are understood to be characteristic of the disorder but may not be considered pathognomonic due to recorded exceptions. Treatment is centered on a combination of anti-epileptic medications coupled with the identification and resolution of the underlying cause.[1]  The disorder was first described in 1894 by the legendary Russian neurologist Aleksei Kozhevnikov (1836-1902). The eponym Kozhevnikov epilepsy was coined as a tribute to his work. He postulated that the seizures in EPC were due to a form of focal cortical encephalitis and the subsequent inflammation of cerebral motor fibers. Several years later, in 1958, Rasmussen syndrome (chronic focal encephalitis) was formally described in which patients with the syndrome presented with seizures like that of EPC. Over the years, several neuroscientists have offered different explanations and interpretations for the possible pathophysiological mechanisms.[2]

Paroxysmal spells might represent events originating from the central nervous system, cardiac disturbances, psychiatric causes, or might be from other etiologies. Syncope, convulsive concussion, convulsive syncope, rigors, movement disorders, sleep-related events, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures are all in the differential diagnosis of a transient event with movements. Epileptic seizures constitute one type of paroxysmal event.[1]   An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence with signs or symptoms due to abnormal excessive and synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. There are many different types of seizures. Current classification designates two large categories -  partial or generalized. In a partial seizure, one area of the cortex is thought to be activated initially and may show simple symptoms such as a motor or sensory phenomena. Partial seizures may rapidly secondarily generalize and spread to involve all cortical areas. Generalized seizures result from diffuse cortical activation at seizure onset. The most common seizure type in adults is partial-onset seizures with rapid secondary generalization.[2]  Seizures with dyscognitive features, also known as complex partial seizures, are associated with altered awareness or consciousness. These may have minimal motor manifestations such as lip-smacking or small amplitude extremity movements and may present as an isolated confusional state. Epilepsy, by definition, is a condition of recurrent unprovoked seizures. Determining whether a first seizure or recurrent seizures are provoked or unprovoked is fundamentally essential for diagnosis and treatment.  Epileptic syndromes serve to condense clinical information into useful nomenclature. Localization-related is used in this terminology to indicate seizures that arise from pathology in a localizable brain area. Idiopathic epilepsy is associated with no symptoms other than seizures. In symptomatic epilepsy, seizures reflect underlying identifiable brain disease. Cryptogenic refers to seizure disorders suspected to be symptomatic of underlying brain disease but are without definitive proof of the underlying cause. Specialists usually diagnose an epileptic syndrome.[3] Status epilepticus is defined as an enduring epileptic condition. There are as many types of status epilepticus are there are types of seizures. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus is a medical emergency. Current definitions define status epileptics as a single generalized convulsion lasting greater than five minutes or a series of generalized seizures without full return of consciousness.[4]