Christopher Addison enjoyed two careers, one as an anatomist followed by that as a politician. He described the detailed topographical anatomy of the abdomen, and his name is associated with one of its key anatomical planes. His political career was influenced by his commitment to social reform and for the need for improvement in public health achieved through government intervention. He held several ministerial offices, and he was the first Minister for Health. He played important roles in the passage of the National Insurance Act 1911 and introduced the Housing and Town Planning Act 1919. Following the Second World War, he was responsible as Leader of the House of Lords for the passage of legislation including that related to the formation of the National Health Service.

Two complexes {[GdCu5(GlyHA)5(H2O)7Cr(C2O4)3]·11.02H2O}n (1) and {{[GdCu5(GlyHA)5(H2O)6]μ2-[Cu(C2O4)2(H2O)]}2μ4-[Cu(C2O4)2]·15.8H2O}n (2), were obtained as outcomes of the reactions between the cationic hexanuclear {GdCu5(GlyHA)5}[3+] 15-metallacrown-5 complex (where GlyHA[2-] = glycinehydroxamate) and the anionic oxalate complexes K3[Cr(C2O4)3] or K2[Cu(C2O4)2]. Both 1 and 2 possess polymeric 1D-chain structures according to X-ray structural analysis. As a consequence of the geometric orientations of the donor atoms in the oxalates from [Cr(C2O4)3][3-], the Cu5 mean planes of neighboring 15-metallacrown-5 units {GdCu5(GlyHA)5}[3+] are angled at 75.5° to each other, which leads to formation of a zig-zag motif in the 1D-chains of complex 1. The centrosymmetric complex 2 contains two structurally different bis(oxalato)cuprate anions μ2-[Cu(C2O4)2(H2O)][2-], for one of which, coordination to two adjacent {GdCu5(GlyHA)5}[3+] units leads to formation of linear 1D-chains in 2, while the second type, μ4-[Cu(C2O4)2][2-], is coordinated to four {GdCu5(GlyHA)5}[3+] units, causing the cross-linking of single 1D-chains into a double-chain 1D coordination polymer. Studies of χMT vs. T data for 1 and 2 in a 2-300 K temperature range revealed the presence of both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions amongst paramagnetic centres. The experimental χMT vs. T data for 1 were fitted using a model which takes into account exchange interactions between adjacent copper(II) ions, the Gd-Cu exchange interactions within {GdCu5(GlyHA)5}[3+] units and additionally Gd-Cr exchange interactions. Fitting of the χMT vs. T data for 2 was not possible, since coordination of μ4-[Cu(C2O4)2][2-] to {GdCu5(GlyHA)5}[3+] led to the non-equivalence of several Cu-Cu exchange interactions within the metallacrown units and hence a superfluity of fittable parameters. Complexes 1 and 2 are the first examples of 15-metallacrown-5 complexes demonstrating a magnetocaloric effect (-ΔSM at 13 T reaches 24.26 J K[-1] kg[-1] at 5 K and 19.14 J K[-1] kg[-1] at 4 K for 1 and 2, respectively).

The title compound, [RuCl2(C33H43N3O)], is an example of a new generation of N,N-dialkyl ruthenium catalysts with an N-Ru coordination bond as part of a six-membered chelate ring. The Ru atom has an Addison τ parameter of 0.244, which indicates a geometry inter-mediate between square-based pyramidal and trigonal-bipyramidal. The complex shows the usual trans arrangement of the two chlorides, with Ru-Cl bond lengths of 2.3515 (8) and 2.379 (7) Å, and a Cl-Ru-Cl angle of 158.02 (3)°. One of the chlorine atoms and the atoms of the 2-meth-oxy-N-methyl-N-[(2-methyl-phen-yl)meth-yl]ethane-1-amine group of the title complex display disorder over two positions in a 0.889 (2): 0.111 (2) ratio.

Cranial sutures are complex soft tissue structures whose mechanics are often studied due to their link with bone growth in the skull. Researchers will often use a cross-sectional two-dimensional slice to define suture geometry when studying morphometry and/or mechanical response to loading. However, using a single cross section neglects the full suture complexity and may introduce significant errors when defining their form. This study aims to determine trends in suture path variability through skull thickness in a swine model and the implications of using a 'representative' cross section on mechanical modeling. To explore these questions, a mixture of quantitative analysis of computed tomography images and finite element models was used. The linear interdigitation and width of coronal and sagittal sutures were analyzed on offset transverse planes through the skull thickness. It was found that sagittal suture width and interdigitation were largely consistent through the skull thickness, whereas the coronal suture showed significant variation in both. The finite element study found that average values of displacement and strain were similar between the two-dimensionally variable and three-dimensionally variable models. Larger ranges and more complex distributions of strain were found in the three-dimensionally variable model. Outcomes of this study indicate that the appropriateness of using a representative cross section to describe suture morphometry and predict mechanical response should depend on specific research questions and goals. Two-dimensional approximations can be sufficient for less-interdigitated sutures and when bulk site mechanics are of interest, while taking the true three-dimensional geometry into account is necessary when considering spatial variability and local mechanical response.

The τ5 parameter, first proposed by Addison and coworkers, is the principal measure of the geometry of five-coordinate transition metal complexes, with τ5 = 0 said to describe a perfect square pyramidal geometry and τ5 = 1 a perfect trigonal pyramidal geometry. Therefore, the geometries of all five-coordinate complexes are assumed to lie on a continuum between these two extremes. Herein we show that there are a significant number of examples of transition metal complexes having τ5 > 1, leading to an equatorially distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry with the transition metal ion lying out of the plane of the equatorial donor atoms. We also show that complexes having τ5 = 0 and displaying perfect square pyramidal geometry are very much the exception, and that the majority of complexes for which τ5 = 0 have the metal ion sitting above the mean plane of the donor atoms in the square plane, in a basally distorted square pyramidal geometry. Density functional theory computations on a number of these complexes show that the structural distortions are inherent features of the complexes, and not merely the result of intermolecular interactions.

The lattice of 5,7,12,14-tetra-hydro-5,14:7,12-bis-([1,2]benzeno)-penta-cene-6,13-dione, C34H20O2, at 173 K has triclinic (P-1) symmetry and crystallizes with four independent half-mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. Each mol-ecule is generated from a C17H10O substructure through an inversion center at the centroid of the central quinone ring, generating a wide H-shaped mol-ecule, with a dihedral angle between the mean planes of the terminal benzene rings in each of the two symmetry-related pairs over the four mol-ecules of 68.6 (1) (A), 65.5 (4) (B), 62.3 (9) (C), and 65.8 (8)° (D), an average of 65.6 (1)°. This compound has applications in gas-separation membranes constructed from polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM). The title compound is a product of a double Diels-Alder reaction between anthracene and p-benzo-quinone followed by de-hydrogenation. It has also been characterized by cyclic voltammetry and rotating disc electrode polarography, FT-IR, high resolution mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and [1]H NMR.

To identify the minimum data acquisition variables in the x- and y-planes required when using three-dimensional (3D) profilometry to produce accurate mean total volumetric wear and mean maximum wear depth measurements for a range of wear facets produced by an oral wear simulator.

A novel method of identifying stable phase coupling behavior of two signals within the wavelet transform time-frequency plane is presented. The technique employs the cross-wavelet transform to provide a map of phase coupling followed by synchrosqueezing to collect the stable phase regime information. The resulting synchrosqueezed cross-wavelet transform method (Synchro-CrWT) is illustrated using a synthetic signal and then applied to the analysis of the relationship between biosignals used in the analysis of cerebral autoregulation function.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been proposed as a suitable technique for the analysis of cerebral autoregulation as it provides a simpler acquisition methodology and more artifact-free signal. A number of sophisticated wavelet transform methods have recently emerged to quantify the cerebral autoregulation mechanism using NIRS and blood pressure signals. These provide an enhanced partitioning of signal information via the time-frequency plane, which facilitates improved extraction of the components of interest. This area is reviewed, and enhancements to this form of analysis are suggested.

Mononuclear and binuclear copper(II) complexes of 2-benzoylpyridine-N(4)-methyl thiosemicarbazone (HL) were prepared and characterized by a variety of spectroscopic techniques. Structural evidence for the novel sulfur bridged copper(II) iodo binuclear complex is obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The complex [Cu2L2I2], a non-centrosymmetric box dimer, crystallizes in monoclinic C2/c space group and it was found to have distorted square pyramidal geometry (Addison parameter, τ=0.238) with the square basal plane occupied by the thiosemicarbazone moiety and iodine atom whereas the sulfur atom from the other coordinated thiosemicarbazone moiety occupies the apical position. This is the first crystallographically studied system having non-centrosymmetrical entities bridged via thiolate S atoms with Cu(II)I bond. The tridentate thiosemicarbazone coordinates in mono deprotonated thionic tautomeric form in all complexes except in sulfato complex, [Cu(HL)(SO4)]·H2O (1) where it binds to the metal centre in neutral form. The magnetic moment values and the EPR spectral studies reflect the binuclearity of some of the complexes. The spin Hamiltonian and bonding parameters are calculated based on EPR studies. In all the complexes g||>g⊥>2.0023 and the g values in frozen DMF are consistent with the d(x2-y2) ground state. The thermal stabilities of some of the complexes were also determined.

Bone cell culture systems are essential tools for the study of the molecular mechanisms regulating extracellular matrix mineralization. MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell cultures are the most commonly used in vitro model of bone matrix mineralization. Despite the widespread use of this cell line to study biomineralization, there is as yet no systematic characterization of the mineral phase produced in these cultures. Here we provide a comprehensive, multi-technique biophysical characterization of this cell culture mineral and extracellular matrix, and compare it to mouse bone and synthetic apatite mineral standards, to determine the suitability of MC3T3-E1 cultures for biomineralization studies. Elemental compositional analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed calcium and phosphorus, and trace amounts of sodium and magnesium, in both biological samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) on resin-embedded intact cultures demonstrated that similar to 1-month-old mouse bone, apatite crystals grew with preferential orientations along the (100), (101) and (111) mineral planes indicative of guided biogenic growth as opposed to dystrophic calcification. XRD of crystals isolated from the cultures revealed that the mineral phase was poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite with 10 to 20nm-sized nanocrystallites. Consistent with the XRD observations, electron diffraction patterns indicated that culture mineral had low crystallinity typical of biological apatites. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed apatitic carbonate and phosphate within the biological samples. With all techniques utilized, cell culture mineral and mouse bone mineral were remarkably similar. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy showed that the cultures had a dense fibrillar collagen matrix with small, 100nm-sized, collagen fibril-associated mineralization foci which coalesced to form larger mineral aggregates, and where mineralized sites showed the accumulation of the mineral-binding protein osteopontin. Light microscopy, confocal microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructions showed that some cells had dendritic processes and became embedded within the mineral in an osteocyte-like manner. In conclusion, we have documented characteristics of the mineral and matrix phases of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cultures, and have determined that the structural and compositional properties of the mineral are highly similar to that of mouse bone.

Laboratory measurements have been carried out with examples of Wi-Fi devices used in UK schools to evaluate the radiofrequency power densities around them and the total emitted powers. Unlike previous studies, a 20 MHz bandwidth signal analyzer was used, enabling the whole Wi-Fi signal to be captured and monitored. The radiation patterns of the laptops had certain similarities, including a minimum toward the torso of the user and two maxima symmetrically opposed across a vertical plane bisecting the screen and keyboard. The maxima would have resulted from separate antennas mounted behind the top left and right corners of the laptop screens. The patterns for access points were more symmetrical with generally higher power densities at a given distance. The spherically-integrated radiated power (IRP) ranged from 5 to 17 mW for 15 laptops in the 2.45 GHz band and from 1 to 16 mW for eight laptops in the 5 GHz band. For practical reasons and because access points are generally wall-mounted with beams directed into the rooms, their powers were integrated over a hemisphere. These ranged from 3 to 28 mW for 12 access points at 2.4 GHz and from 3 to 29 mW for six access points at 5 GHz. In addition to the spherical measurements of IRP, power densities were measured at distances of 0.5 m and greater from the devices, and consistent with the low radiated powers, these were all much lower than the ICNIRP reference level.

The seven isostructural complexes, [Cu(5)Ln(C(2)H(4)N(2)O(2))(5)(SO(4))(H(2)O)(6.5)](2)(SO(4))·6H(2)O, where Ln(III) = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy and Ho, are representatives of the 15-metallacrown-5 family. Each dianion of glycinehydroxamic acid (GlyHA) links two Cu(II) cations forming a cyclic [CuGlyHA](5) frame. The Ln(III) cations are located at the centre of the [CuGlyHA](5) rings and are bound by the five hydroxamate O atoms in the equatorial plane. Five water molecules are coordinated to Cu(II) cations, and one further water molecule, located close to an inversion centre between two adjacent [Cu(5)Ln(GlyHA)(5)](2+) cations, is disordered around this inversion centre and coordinated to a Cu(II) cation of either the first or second metallacrown ether. Another water molecule and one of the two crystallographically independent sulfate anions are coordinated, the latter in a bidentate fashion, to the Ln(III) cation in the axial positions. The second sulfate anion is not coordinated to the cation, but is located in an interstitial position on a crystallographic inversion centre, thus leading to disorder of the O atoms around the centre of inversion. The Ln-O bond distances follow the trend of the lanthanide contraction. The apical Ln-O bond distances are very close to the sums of the ionic radii. However, the Ln-O distances within the metallacrown units are slightly compressed and the Ln(III) cations protrude significantly from the plane of the otherwise flat metallacrown ligand, thus indicating that the cavity is somewhat too small to accommodate the Ln(III) ions comfortably. This effect decreases with the size of the lanthanide cation from complex (I) (Ln(III) = Pr; 0.459) to complex (VII) (Ln(III) = Ho; 0.422), which indicates that the smaller lanthanide cations fit the cavity of the pentacopper metallacrown ring better than the larger ones. The diminished contraction of Ln-O distances within the metallacrown planes leads to an aniostropic contraction of the unit-cell parameters, with a, c and V following the trend of the lanthanide contraction. The b axes, which are mostly aligned with the rigid planes of the metallacrown units, show only a little variation between the seven compounds.