Mitochondrial complex II, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), links the tricarboxylic acid cycle to the electron transport chain by oxidizing succinate to fumarate and reducing ubiquinone. This unusual position gives Complex II control over bioenergetics, redox state, succinate signaling, and chromatin regulation. In immune cells, Complex II regulates macrophage responses via the succinate-hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-IL-1β axis, T-cell proliferation, lineage commitment, and cytotoxicity. In target tissues of an aberrant immune attack, such as the intestinal epithelium and stem-cell compartments, SDHA loss lowers tissue tolerance, promotes inflammatory memory through succinate-driven epigenetic reprogramming, and amplifies immune-mediated injury. In tumors, SDH loss increases antigen presentation and their susceptibility to T-cell killing. Complex II, therefore, regulates immunopathology through its actions within both attacking immune cells and injured target tissues.

How can a small group of committed cooperators shape collective outcomes in social dilemmas? Previous studies have shown that zealots-individuals who always cooperate-can promote cooperation in prisoner's dilemmas. Yet real-world cooperation also involves multiplayer coordination problems, where their role remains less understood. Here, we examine the role of zealots in N-person stag-hunt games in both finite and infinite, well-mixed populations. We show that a minority of zealots facilitates the emergence of cooperation by lowering the barrier to coordination, but at the cost of reducing the equilibrium level of cooperation. More strikingly, zealots can create two new attractors in infinite populations-full cooperation and stable coexistence-that extend beyond the classical equilibrium of full defection or bistability between defection and cooperation (or coexistence). In finite populations, this dual effect largely persists as population size approaches infinity; otherwise, zealots either matter little or consistently enhance cooperation. Together, these findings revise the conventional view that zealots enhance cooperation in well-mixed populations, revealing instead their dual role in multiplayer coordination dilemmas. This nuanced influence may also shape broader collective problems, from collective-risk dilemmas to the emergence of social conventions.

Mitosis is triggered when the rising activity of CDK1-Cyclin B, amplified by the CDK1/Cdc25/Wee1 feedback loop, overcomes inhibitory signalling from Wee1 and counteracting phosphatases. CDK-opposing phosphatases PP1, PP2A-B55 and PP2A-B56 are regulators of mitosis. A screen for differentially phosphorylated sites in a ΔPP1dis2 genetic background in Schizosaccharomyces pombe identified phosphorylation of T73 or T75 in the regulatory B56Par1 subunit. The B56Par1.T73T75 phosphorylation is directly mediated by CDK1-Cyclin B, and a phospho-mimetic mutation increased while a non-phosphorylatable mutation reduced PP2A-B56Par1 phosphatase activity. Blocking B56Par1.T73T75 phosphorylation reduced cell length in unperturbed divisions from 14 to 12 µm, without causing pleiotropic defects. Therefore, blocking phosphorylation at T73T75 alone prematurely unlocked amplification of the CDK1/Cdc25/Wee1 feedback loop, advancing cells into mitosis. Signalling from T73T75 reveals for the first time that timely mitotic commitment in unperturbed cycles is mediated by PP2A-B56.

There is a shortage of physicians ready to care for underserved communities in the United States. Given the American structure of Undergraduate Medical Education (UME) and Graduate Medical Education (GME), it is up to students to choose to care for underserved populations; medical school leaders may create programming to incentivize this choice, but that choice is ultimately up to students to make. Who, then, makes this choice? In this article, we examine a large, longitudinal dataset of multiple cohorts of medical students (2016-2020 through 2020-2024; N = 53,417) to identify patterns among which students plan to care primarily for underserved populations; we also investigate the factors that influence this choice over the course of medical school. Utilizing latent class analysis (LCA) and mixed-effect logistic regressions, we considered whether students' social and educational background influenced their choices at matriculation and graduation, as well as whether any courses or training experiences in medical school impacted their changed plans. We found that students from lower income, higher debt, and racially minoritized backgrounds were more likely to commit to caring for underserved populations compared to students from higher income, lower debt, and white backgrounds, who were more likely to not express such an intention. Additionally, we found that elective coursework oriented around underserved communities did not impact students' likelihood to change their mind over the course of medical school to make this career choice. Our findings are important for informing medical school admissions and curricular policy, especially considering the physician shortage in underserved communities.

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between Popper's propensity interpretation of probability and Bohr's principle of complementarity. While Popper is often regarded as a philosophical antagonist of the Copenhagen interpretation, and Bohr never explicitly articulated his views on the nature of probability, we propose that the propensity interpretation can provide a coherent ontological foundation for Bohr's complementarity principle. This paper is primarily a rational reconstruction rather than a historical claim about Bohr's explicit commitments. We argue that both propensities and complementarity point toward a similar ontological picture-a move away from an object-based ontology of substances possessing intrinsic properties toward an ontology grounded in interactions, dispositions, and processes. According to this view, quantum phenomena are not predetermined but emerge from propensities inherent in the complete experimental arrangement. We also briefly consider how this framework relates to modern approaches of the decoherence-based program of emergent classicality.

While the emphasis on strengthening and utilising a unified national system has gained momentum in discussions among health partners throughout the world, there are evident discrepancies between commitments and practice. Sudan presents an interesting case where the last decade has witnessed major political changes that have influenced health sector partnerships. This study investigates the shifts in attitudes and practices of Sudan's health sector partners towards strengthening and utilising the national health system, specifically focusing on the components of financial management, procurement and supply, and health information. Utilising a qualitative case study design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from various humanitarian and developmental partners during two rounds (2015 and 2021/22). The interviews were analysed thematically, and situational analysis was applied with the partners' stances displayed on positional maps. The findings revealed a shift from initial resistance to and prevention of system strengthening and utilisation to a more collaborative approach towards the system utilisation, influenced by political changes, and the need to adopt resilient approaches to respond to the volatile emergency context. Meanwhile, over time humanitarian partners have persisted to utilise their own systems because they have control over these systems or believe their systems function better. Moreovere, some respondents claimed that they are not mandated to support a unified system. Tension persists between utilising the system as prerequisite to strengthen it or ensuring the system is strengthened before using it. The study highlights the critical need for continuous monitoring and commitment to utilising the national system by all to ensure sustainability and enable timely improvement, especially in fragile contexts like Sudan. Flexible arrangements and guidance to encourage humanitarian partners to commit to abolishing parallel systems are crucial.

Solar photovoltaics (PV) is a pivotal technology for achieving carbon neutrality, with its cost reduction deeply intertwined with the specialization of global supply chains. However, the spatial decoupling of production and usage has raised concerns about its net environmental benefits: while global supply chains facilitate PV deployment, do their own operations consume excessive fossil fuels? To address this question, this study develops an integrated framework combining a dynamic partial equilibrium model with life cycle assessment (LCA) based on counterfactual scenarios, aiming to quantify the net fossil energy savings of the global PV supply chain over its entire life cycle. The results demonstrate that although manufacturing and transportation increase consumption, the fossil energy displacement achieved during the deployment phase of PV systems supported by these supply chains is overwhelmingly dominant, with an energy payback ratio exceeding 5000. Nevertheless, trade protectionism severely undermines this net benefit: extreme tariff policies, by suppressing global PV deployment, could lead to a loss of up to 25% in net energy-saving potential. The study further reveals that trade openness is critical for the efficacy of climate policies; under high tariff barriers, the marginal gains of strengthened climate commitments diminish substantially. This research proves that maintaining open and efficient global supply chains is essential to realizing the full energy and environmental benefits of PV technology.

Burn injuries among incarcerated individuals represent an underexplored intersection of medical ethics, correctional policy, and health equity. Although scholarship increasingly examines vulnerable groups such as refugees and undocumented patients, incarcerated burn patients remain largely absent. Dual loyalty-balancing duty to the patient with obligations to the institution or state-creates distinctive challenges that are intensified in burn care, where timely intervention, pain control, rehabilitation, and psychosocial support are critical but often constrained by security protocols and systemic neglect. We conducted a narrative review of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus to identify peer-reviewed articles, position statements, and ethical analyses addressing incarcerated healthcare, dual loyalty, and burn treatment (English-language, 2000-2025). A thematic synthesis identified recurring ethical tensions, clinical barriers, and potential frameworks for resolution. Findings highlight a major gap in both literature and professional discourse. Recurrent themes included restricted access to specialized burn centers, compromised informed consent under custodial oversight, inadequate rehabilitative services, and disproportionate suffering linked to institutional neglect. Dual loyalty emerged as a central driver of ethical conflict, often pitting patient dignity against correctional authority. Elevating incarcerated burn care within burn scholarship and advocacy is necessary to uphold standards of care. Explicit attention to dual loyalty can support reforms that preserve patient dignity while maintaining institutional safety, improve outcomes, and reaffirm professional ethical commitments.

Voluntary vaccination is often challenged by the vaccination dilemma, wherein individual costs conflict with the collective benefits of herd immunity. Motivated by the considerable influence of online "Big Vs," we introduce a coupled vaccination-epidemic coevolution model on scale-free networks. We incorporate a fraction ρ of committed influencers who consistently advocate for vaccination, incorporating a trust-weighting parameter α to quantify their social influence. Multi-agent simulations and heterogeneous mean-field theory demonstrate that strategic placement of influencers is vital: positioning committed influencers at high-degree nodes results in nearly comprehensive vaccination coverage and substantially suppresses outbreaks across a wide range of vaccination costs. Conversely, random placement proves less effective, and assigning influencers to low-degree nodes necessitates a significantly higher ρ to manage epidemic outbreaks. These results underscore how influence filtered through trust and network heterogeneity can be exploited to develop resilient, resource-efficient vaccination strategies.

Contemporary nursing practice increasingly takes place within culturally, religiously, and ethically plural healthcare environments. Although professional standards provide a shared ethical foundation, limited conceptual attention has been given to how nurses' religious moral identities influence ethical reasoning during cross-gender care. Existing discussions of professionalism remain largely grounded in secular ethical perspectives, leaving insufficient exploration of how faith-based moral traditions may contribute to professional identity and moral agency. This paper examines gender interaction in nursing through Islamic ethical perspectives and proposes a conceptual framework of faith-informed professionalism to contribute to broader discussions of ethical pluralism in nursing ethics. A conceptual normative analysis was undertaken through critical engagement with literature on nursing professionalism, moral agency, ethical pluralism, and Islamic ethics. Relevant concepts were identified, interpreted, and synthesised to develop a conceptual framework integrating professional standards with Islamic ethical principles relevant to gender interaction in nursing practice. The analysis argues that gender interaction should be understood not only as a matter of professional conduct but also as an ethically significant encounter in which Muslim nurses negotiate professional responsibilities alongside religiously informed moral commitments. Drawing on the concepts of haya', adab, niyyah, ikhtilat, darurah, and maqasid al-shariah, the paper develops faith-informed professionalism as a conceptual framework that explains how faith-based moral commitments may coexist with professional standards while maintaining patient welfare, professional accountability, and equitable care as overriding priorities. A clinical illustration demonstrates the framework's application as a guide for ethical reflection rather than a prescriptive model for practice. Faith-informed professionalism extends contemporary discussions of moral agency, professional identity, and ethical pluralism by recognising that religious moral traditions may complement, rather than compete with, established professional standards. The proposed framework offers a theoretical contribution to nursing ethics and provides a foundation for future empirical research and educational development within multicultural healthcare environments.

India is committed to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness "2030 In Sight" recommendations to improve eye health and visual impairment. Public health experts in India were invited to discuss and recommend strategies to reduce blindness by 2030 and consolidate the gains related to quality eye care by 2047. The experts reviewed the World Report on Vision, WHO's 2030 In Sight strategy, and the status of eye care in India, drawing on published literature and policy documents. They proposed 10 interlinked strategic pillars: universal coverage, human resources, financial sustainability, equity, partnerships, health information systems, quality care, elderly and marginalised eyecare, technology adoption, and monitoring of key indices. Using the Likert scale the experts arrived at consensus on the following recommendations: task shifting, measuring quality eyecare indicators, integrating health services, leveraging technology, expanding cashless services, and improving referral eyecare system. The recommendations also include target-oriented spending, centralised management of available resources, and interministerial commitment.

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare form of pulmonary hypertension characterized by progressive vascular remodeling, with limited understanding of its cellular and molecular mechanisms, particularly in sporadic cases lacking identifiable genetic mutations. We investigated whether patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) recapitulate disease-associated cellular phenotypes and transcriptional alterations in sporadic PVOD.

The thymus generates a diverse and self-tolerant T-cell repertoire. Its development and output undergo profound changes from fetal to early postnatal life, yet the dynamics of this transition remain incompletely understood. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of human thymopoiesis across the perinatal (birth to <10 days), early postnatal (10 days-3 months), and homeostasis (>3 months) periods using high-dimensional flow cytometry and signal joint T-cell receptor excision circle (sjTREC) quantification. Within the perinatal phase, the thymus exhibits the highest intrathymic production, with elevated frequencies of CD4[+] T cells and unconventional T cell (UTC), including regulatory T cells (Tregs). After 10 days of age, the frequency of double-positive (DP) thymocytes increases and is associated with dynamic thymocyte phenotypic shifts that suggest enhanced progenitor commitment and proliferation, accompanied by reduced T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling strength. Early postnatal UTCs (birth to 3 months) display a distinct phenotype compared with those generated after 3 months. We notably identified a postnatal wave of effector Vδ2[+] γδ T cells emerging between 10 days and 3 months of age. These findings suggest a transition in human thymopoiesis from an early effector-prone unconventional output to predominantly conventional T-cell production after 3 months, highlighting a critical window in immune system establishment.