Monolithic integration is widely regarded as a practical pathway toward scalable perovskite solar modules (PSMs). Despite substantial progress in understanding and mitigating laser-scribing-induced damage, laser-scribed groove regions remain important localized sources of performance loss and degradation that can affect module efficiency, reproducibility, and long-term stability. While a growing number of studies have reported various post-processing approaches for laser-scribed grooves, the field still lacks an engineering-oriented framework connecting laser-induced damage mechanisms with practical module-level mitigation strategies. In this review, we specifically focus on laser-scribed grooves as functionally dominant degradation zones, rather than treating them as minor processing defects. We introduce an engineering-oriented damage cascade framework to describe how laser-induced thermal disorder, defect generation, structural disruption, and transport processes are hierarchically coupled. Based on this perspective, existing post-processing strategies for grooves are systematically classified according to the stages of the damage cascade they primarily address. This enables a mechanism-guided evaluation of their effectiveness, trade-offs, and scalability.

Nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes have emerged as leaders in next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), offering high energy density while reducing reliance on cobalt. However, challenges such as cation mixing, structural fatigue, and poor capacity retention persist. Most studies conducted to date have focused on higher Ni amounts (Ni ≥ 0.8) in the stoichiometry thus leaving smaller rooms for Mn and Co, which makes their tuning impacts minimal and challenging to examine. In this study, we systematically fine-tuned manganese (Mn) substitution in LiNi0.65Co0.3-xMnxAl0.05O2 (x = 0-0.3) cathodes to optimize these limitations. Increasing Mn increased the c parameter of the crystals, decreased particle size, introduced plausible covalency alterations at the surface and antisite disorder, which strongly correlate with the electrochemical behavior of the series of cathode materials prepared. While Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) suggested a uniform distribution of elements, the local distribution, as confirmed by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) analysis, revealed enrichment of Mn at the surface of the particles. The sample with x = 0.1 demonstrated an optimal balance of structural integrity and Li-ion diffusion kinetics (GITT), and delivered the highest capacity retention (≈87% after 100 cycles at 1C) among all the compositions.

Motor fluctuations are a common and burdensome complication of Parkinson's disease (PD) when the disease progresses, largely driven by the short half-life and variable absorption of immediate-release (IR) levodopa. IPX203 is a next-generation modified-release levodopa/carbidopa formulation that delivers rapid onset and sustained plasma levodopa concentrations through IR granules and extended-release pellets. Clinical studies have shown that IPX203 increases Good ON time (ON time without dyskinesia plus ON time with non-troublesome dyskinesia, equivalent to ON time without troublesome dyskinesia), reduces OFF time and improves motor symptom control compared with IR levodopa/carbidopa. In anticipation of the introduction of IPX203 in Europe, nine PD specialists convened to develop consensus recommendations for its use in clinical practice. Through a structured process incorporating predefined statements, voting and moderated discussion, the group reached high levels of agreement (88.9% to 100%) across seven topics. These included defining motor symptoms control, identifying patients most likely to benefit from IPX203, positioning of IPX203 within the treatment pathway, practical considerations for switching to IPX203 from current regimens and recommendations for monitoring and follow-up. The experts emphasised that IPX203 should be considered for patients with motor fluctuations insufficiently controlled on optimised oral levodopa therapy, before introduction of device-aided therapies. They highlighted the need for flexible dose adjustments, comprehensive patient and neurologist education and practical tools to support conversion to IPX203. This consensus insight provides practical guidance for integrating IPX203 into routine care of PD patients with motor fluctuations, aiming to increase mobility and reduce treatment burden for patients with PD.

Interoception, the processing of internal bodily signals, has been linked to the pathophysiology of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND), along with the theoretical concept of altered predictive coding (PC). FND symptoms such as sensory-motor dysfunction may arise from disrupted integration of sensory input and predictions. However, PC in the modality of interoception has not yet been investigated in FND. Using a PC paradigm, the cardio-audio synchronization task measured electrophysiological responses to the heartbeat during omitted sounds that were temporally locked to the heartbeat (synchronous condition) or not (asynchronous control condition). Patients with mixed FND symptoms (N = 36) were compared to sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HC: N = 42) by contrasting synchronous and asynchronous heartbeat-evoked potentials during omissions using cluster-based permutation statistics. We further tested associations with self-reported interoceptive variables and assessed whole-scalp main and interaction effects in global field power (GFP) and topography. Patients with FND showed no cluster-level differences between conditions, whereas we identified a central cluster difference in HCs. The interoceptive-specific contrast (synch-asynch difference waves) differed between groups and correlated with interoceptive self-report but only when tested across groups (r = -0.33, p = 0.012). In this paradigm, group-by-condition interactions in topography identified the insula as the most probable source of differences. These interactions occurred before those identified in GFP analyses, suggesting that differential networks emerge first, followed by changes in overall activity strength. These results indicate that patients with FND use different neural mechanisms for interoceptive PC (i.e., precision-weighted prediction errors in interoception-guided predictions) than HCs. Patients with FND showed no difference in interoceptive PC, suggesting a dysfunctional interoceptive system. Together, these findings suggest that interoceptive-cued regularity processing in FND is characterized by altered early network recruitment, followed by differences in overall signal strength, potentially reflecting a disrupted progression of interoceptive PC.

Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a diagnosis grounded in positive clinical signs, yet it remains vulnerable to underdocumentation and incomplete communication across care transitions, particularly when it is suspected but not formally recorded. In this case, a 24-year-old woman with a history of major trauma (three gunshot wounds sustained four years earlier) presented with sudden-onset left lower extremity (LLE) weakness, pain, and tingling coinciding with the anniversary month of her injury. Extensive neuroimaging and serologic workup were unrevealing aside from an incidental disc protrusion and elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) titers. Due to the presence of localized lower extremity plegia and anesthesia in the absence of structural pathology on neuroimaging, the patient was empirically treated for suspected autoimmune plexopathy with high-dose methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and plasmapheresis without sustained benefit. On transfer to a tertiary center, examination revealed fluctuating strength and non-anatomic sensory loss; electromyography was inconclusive. The patient was discharged with a diagnosis of "suspected plexopathy of the lumbosacral plexus," though peer-to-peer consultation later revealed that the tertiary team's leading differential had, in fact, been FND, a suspicion that was never formally documented. On admission to acute inpatient rehabilitation, neuropsychological evaluation suggested a history of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a positive Hoover's sign supporting functional weakness. A diagnosis of FND was established, taking into account the entire clinical assessment, including history, physical examination, and multidisciplinary evaluation. This case demonstrates that a functional diagnosis privately suspected but not formally documented can be effectively lost at a transition of care, exposing the patient to repeated invasive empiric therapy and diagnostic delay. Formally documenting FND as an active differential diagnosis and delivering an early, transparent, biopsychosocially framed explanation to the patient may reduce iatrogenic harm and support engagement in rehabilitation.

Periodontitis treatment is severely hampered by rapid electron-hole recombination and hypoxic microenvironment, which fundamentally limit reactive oxygen species (ROS) yields in conventional photo/sonodynamic therapies. Herein, we propose a disorder-engineered thermoelectric heterojunction strategy that couples pyro-photo-ultrasonic effects to overcome these bottlenecks. Thermoelectric Cu2Se(CuSe)/SnSe2 heterojunctions, synthesized by mechanochemical ball milling, introduce dense CuSe nanodomains and interfacial defects that serve simultaneously as phonon-scattering centers (minimizing thermal conductivity of κtot = 0.09 W/(m·K)) and non-radiative relaxation channels, enabling efficient photo-to-thermal conversion. A pronounced built-in electric field, arising from the large work function difference between Cu2Se (7.17 eV) and SnSe2 (6.52 eV), synergizes with the thermoelectric field induced by photo-ultrasonic thermal gradients, yielding sustained carrier separation (ZT = 0.08 at 450 K) and robust ROS generation under hypoxic conditions. The resultant heterojunction achieves unprecedented antibacterial efficacy (>98.37% against Staphylococcus aureus and >99.54% against Porphyromonas gingivalis) under 808 nm NIR/ultrasound co-activation. Integration of glycyrrhizic acid hydrogel provides a biocompatible matrix (97.8% cell viability, <5% hemolysis) that substantially downregulates TNF-α, reduces osteoclastogenesis significantly, and markedly restores alveolar bone height. This work establishes a "disorder-engineering for biocatalysis" strategy, demonstrating that controllable lattice imperfections can be harnessed to drive multi-physical coupling for high-efficacy therapy of infected bone tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Conventional mechanical/antibiotic treatment and prevailing exogenous stimulus-responsive strategies face significant problems in the treatment of periodontitis, mainly in rising bacterial resistance, insufficient deep pathogen elimination and limited antibacterial ability. In this work, we constructed a Cu2Se(CuSe)/SnSe2 thermoelectric heterojunction based on disorder-engineering strategy. Under near-infrared and ultrasonic co-stimulation, the synergy between built-in electric field and thermoelectromotive force effectively suppresses carrier recombination, enabling remarkably enhanced ROS generation and bactericidal efficacy under periodontal hypoxic microenvironment. Integrated with glycyrrhizic acid hydrogel, the system achieves favorable biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory activity, and alveolar bone repair capacity, offering a meaningful paradigm for multi-physical field synergistic antibacterial therapy.

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a kinetically demanding anodic process in water electrolysis and related electrochemical energy-conversion systems. Its multistep proton-coupled electron-transfer kinetics and catalyst degradation under strongly oxidizing conditions limit overall efficiency and durability. High-entropy oxides (HEOs), which combine multicomponent configurational disorder, lattice distortion, broad distributions of local coordination environments, and element-specific electronic interactions, have emerged as a versatile platform for OER catalyst design. This review summarizes the definitions and physicochemical characteristics of HEOs, OER reaction pathways, theoretical and data-driven methods, synthesis strategies, representative crystal structures, and recent progress in acidic OER and proton-exchange-membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Particular attention is given to rutile-type Ir/Ru-based HEOs, including their phase formation, local electronic-structure regulation, degradation behavior, and device-level validation. Current challenges in composition-space exploration, operando mechanism identification, long-term stability, noble-metal utilization, reproducible scale-up, and standardized device testing are discussed, together with directions for future research.

Suppressing non-radiative energy loss (ΔE3) by enhancing the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of active-layer materials, particularly the acceptor component, is important for achieving high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs). A key challenge is how to design acceptor materials that attain high PLQY while preserving favorable crystallinity and aggregation behavior, as these properties are often mutually conflicting. Here, we address this challenge by developing a series of dimeric acceptors linked via benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene bridges (named Ph-dimer, Naph-dimer, and Ant-dimer). Although the conjugation length and intrinsic emission of these cores increase from benzene to anthracene, the photovoltaic performance of the resulting dimeric acceptors shows no linear correlation with this trend. Among them, the Naph-dimer optimally balances crystallinity and PLQY, with enhanced molecular packing and reduced disorder, suppressing energy loss (Eloss) and facilitating charge extraction. Consequently, the PM6:Naph-dimer OSC exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.90%, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.974 V and a low ΔE3 of 0.192 eV, outperforming PM6:Ph-dimer and PM6:Ant-dimer counterparts. Moreover, incorporating Naph-dimer into a PM6:L8-BO host yields a PCE of 21.02%. These findings indicate that precise bridge modulation is an effective strategy for harmonizing high PLQY with crystalline order in OSCs.

Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by sebaceous neoplasms and visceral malignancies and is regarded as a phenotypic variant of Lynch syndrome. Although colorectal and genitourinary cancers are the most common visceral malignancies in MTS, duodenal cancer is extremely rare. We report a case of advanced duodenal cancer associated with MTS treated with multidisciplinary therapy. A 62-year-old man with a history of multiple colorectal cancers and sebaceous carcinomas presented with vomiting and epigastric pain. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a circumferential tumor with stenosis in the fourth portion of the duodenum, and a biopsy showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Computed tomography suggested peritoneal dissemination, and the tumor was considered unresectable. Systemic chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin resulted in tumor regression and disappearance of the suspected dissemination. Conversion surgery with partial duodenectomy and lymph node dissection was subsequently performed, achieving R0 resection. Genetic testing revealed microsatellite instability-high status and a pathogenic MSH2 mutation, confirming MTS. Although postoperative lymph node recurrence occurred, the disease has been controlled with immunotherapy and radiotherapy, and the patient remains alive two years after surgery. This case highlights the potential role of multidisciplinary treatment and the importance of recognizing MTS and implementing appropriate surveillance.

Dual inherited defects affecting urea cycle function are exceptionally rare. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of the coexistence of argininosuccinic aciduria (ASA) and citrin deficiency (CD). A girl born to consanguineous Tunisian parents presented at 6 months of age with recurrent seizures, vomiting, developmental delay, and severe hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Laboratory investigations revealed hyperammonemia, respiratory alkalosis, transaminitis, dyslipidemia, hyperglutaminemia, and mild hypercitrullinemia. Brain imaging showed delayed myelination and basal ganglia abnormalities. Management involved arginine supplementation, ammonia scavengers, protein restriction and antiepileptic drugs. The patient died at 33 months of age from severe hyperammonemia and lactic acidosis. Next-generation sequencing identified two homozygous variants affecting distinct urea cycle-related genes: The known pathogenic ASL variant c.1153C>T p.(Arg385Cys), responsible for ASA, and a previously unreported likely pathogenic SLC25A13 variant, c.1474C>T, p.(Arg492Trp), consistent with CD. Segregation analysis confirmed biallelic inheritance of both variants. This unique association illustrates how multilocus pathogenic variation can generate an atypical phenotype. From a pathophysiological perspective, CD may aggravate urea cycle dysfunction by reducing cytosolic aspartate availability and ASS1 activity, while ASL deficiency blocks the downstream conversion of argininosuccinate, resulting in a profound impairment of ureagenesis. This dual defect creates diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, highlighting the importance of integrating comprehensive biochemical investigations with molecular testing to enable accurate diagnosis and personalized metabolic management.

Developing ZnO-based photocatalysts for organic-pollutant removal requires materials in which structural modification, surface accessibility, and reactive oxygen species generation are effectively balanced. In this work, Ho/Ga codoped ZnO powders were evaluated as photocatalysts for the removal of methylene blue (MB) and diclofenac (DCF), selected as representative dye and pharmaceutical contaminants with different interfacial behaviors. Zn1-x-yHoxGayO powders with (x, y) = (0.00, 0.00), (0.005, 0.015), and (0.02, 0.03) were synthesized by coprecipitation and calcined at 450 °C. The structural, textural, morphological, and optical responses were correlated with photocatalytic performance, reactive species formation, and reuse stability to clarify how Ho/Ga addition influences the activity of ZnO. All samples preserved the wurtzite ZnO structure, while codoping refined the crystallite size and modified the accessible surface area and defect-related optical response. Among the investigated compositions, Zn0.98Ho0.005Ga0.015O showed the best photocatalytic response, with removal efficiencies of 86% for MB and 70% for DCF after 120 min, and apparent rate constants of 0.0161 and 0.00956 min[-1], respectively. Scavenger tests showed that hydroxyl-radical-mediated oxidation was the most strongly affected pathway, while oxygen-reduction-related and hole-mediated steps made secondary but relevant contributions depending on the contaminant. The comparison between MB and DCF showed that pollutant-dependent interfacial behavior affects how the same catalyst promotes surface-mediated discoloration and solution-driven oxidative conversion. The improved performance of Zn0.98Ho0.005Ga0.015O is associated with its more favorable defect-related optical response and accessible surface configuration, which support oxidative conversion without the stronger lattice disorder observed at higher codoping levels. Reuse tests showed higher stability for MB than for DCF, with the activity decreasing from 86% to 83% after three cycles for MB and from 70% to 53% after four cycles for DCF, suggesting stronger interfacial deactivation during DCF removal.