To compare rates of depression, anxiety, stress, and sexual dysfunction between men and women with infertility.

Background/Objectives: Penile rehabilitation (PR) techniques are claimed to counteract chronic degenerative processes of cavernous tissue, such as penile hypoxia, neurovascular damage, and cavernous fibrosis. The objective of this umbrella review is to synthesize findings from existing meta-analyses to evaluate the efficacy of traditional and emerging PR strategies, providing an evidence-based roadmap for clinical management after surgery for prostate cancer. Methods: Conducted in accordance with PRIOR guidelines, a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus was performed through April 2026. The review included primarily systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating pharmacological, physical, surgical, and regenerative interventions for post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction (ED). Methodological quality was independently assessed using standardized tools. Results: PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5-is) significantly improve erectile function during active treatment, yet evidence supporting their role in promoting spontaneous, "unassisted" recovery remains limited. Vacuum erectile devices demonstrate high efficacy for assisted intercourse but show minimal impact on returning to baseline function compared to placebo. Penile prosthesis (PP) implantation maintains robust efficacy with exceptionally high satisfaction rates (83-85%), proving independent of prior pelvic surgery. Although early-phase trials suggest clinical potential for regenerative therapies like low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy, platelet-rich plasma, and stem cell interventions, the evidence is currently undermined by substantial heterogeneity in study protocols and concerns regarding methodological quality. Conclusions: PR following radical prostatectomy remains a complex challenge characterized by poor evidence. While PDE5-Is are established first-line therapy for assisted function, PP remains the most reliable definitive treatment for refractory ED cases. Regenerative approaches show promise but remain investigational until standardized protocols and large-scale trials are established.

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a prevalent but frequently overlooked complication of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, with a particularly high burden in South Asia, a region experiencing a rapid rise in diabetes prevalence. Despite its significant effects on quality of life, interpersonal relationships, and psychological well-being, SD is often insufficiently addressed in routine clinical care. This gap is largely influenced by sociocultural barriers, limited openness in patient-physician communication, and inadequate access to specialized services. In men, erectile dysfunction (ED) represents the most common clinical manifestation and may occur before overt cardiovascular disease, reflecting underlying endothelial and vascular abnormalities. In contrast, sexual dysfunction in women is more heterogeneous, encompassing reduced sexual desire, impaired lubrication, difficulty achieving orgasm, and pain during intercourse. These issues often carry profound personal and relational implications within South Asian sociocultural settings. The underlying mechanisms are complex and multifaceted, involving vascular compromise, autonomic neuropathy, hormonal imbalance, as well as psychological and sociocultural influences. Comprehensive evaluation includes the use of validated assessment instruments, focused clinical examination, and appropriate laboratory investigations. Management requires a holistic and culturally appropriate strategy, integrating optimal glycaemic control, management of cardiovascular risk factors, psychosocial support, and involvement of partners when appropriate. In addition, condition-specific pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions should be tailored to individual needs. This review consolidates current evidence with an emphasis on the South Asian context, identifies significant gaps in regional and gender-specific data, and explores the potential implications of emerging glucose-lowering therapies on sexual health outcomes.

Diabetes is an increasingly prevalent problem that has been associated very strongly with sexual problems in both men and women. Diabetes has numerous end organ effects and also exerts a substantial psychological toll which may predispose diabetic people to sexual problems. Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is common in men with diabetes; these men tend to present with more severe and refractory ED compared to non-diabetic peers. While ED is the best-established diabetes-related sexual dysfunction, ejaculatory and sexual desires issues may also occur in men with diabetes. Women with diabetes are also at risk for sexual dysfunction. Sexual health inquiry is an important aspect of diabetes care. Importantly, lifestyle change and close management of diabetes has been associated with improvements in sexual function. For complete coverage of all related areas of Endocrinology, please visit our on-line FREE web-text, WWW.ENDOTEXT.ORG.

Background/Objectives: Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects up to 50% of men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet the independent effects of oral antihyperglycemic medications on erectile function remain controversial. This study investigated associations between commonly prescribed antihyperglycemic medications and erectile function in Taiwanese men with T2DM. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 242 Taiwanese men aged 18-80 years with T2DM. Erectile function was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5). Participants were categorized by 12-month HbA1c patterns into well-controlled, variably controlled, and poorly controlled groups. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for demographics, metabolic parameters, and comorbidities examined medication-IIEF-5 associations. Results: The mean IIEF-5 score was 18.16 ± 5.68. None of the seven oral antihyperglycemic medication classes showed significant independent associations with IIEF-5 scores. However, glycemic control demonstrated a significant association with erectile function (F(2,192) = 3.390, p = 0.036), with well-controlled patients showing higher scores than poorly controlled patients (mean difference = 2.488, p = 0.032). Conclusions: In this cross-sectional study, better glycemic control was associated with improved erectile function in men with T2DM. No significant independent associations were observed between individual oral antihyperglycemic medication classes and erectile function after adjustment for glycemic control and other confounders. These findings suggest that glycemic management, rather than the independent effect of medication class, may be the primary determinant of erectile function in this population; however, causal inferences cannot be drawn from this cross-sectional design.