High-energy LiNi0.6Co0.1Mn0.3O2 (NCM613) ||silicon/carbon (Si/C) full cells undergo pronounced interfacial chemomechanical degradation under high-voltage and high-temperature conditions, as repeated Si volume fluctuation, electrolyte decomposition, and transition-metal (TM) dissolution accelerate cell failure. Although monoanhydride additives such as succinic anhydride (SA) can scavenge acidic impurities, their limited reactive sites and insufficient structural adaptability restrict long-term interphase stabilization. To address these limitations, 1,2,4,5-cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (HPMDA) is introduced as a multifunctional electrolyte additive, extending additive design from monoanhydride to dianhydride. Relative to SA, the dual-anhydride framework of HPMDA provides four carbonyl-active sites, enabling enhanced H2O/HF scavenging and more effective regulation of Li[+] solvation, while the cyclohexane backbone imparts conformational flexibility for mechanically compliant interphases. HPMDA regulates the electrolyte solvation structure toward an aggregate-rich configuration and facilitates the preferential decomposition of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), thereby promoting the formation of thin and uniform solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layers that accommodate Si volume fluctuation and suppress cathode corrosion. Consequently, the coupled chemical-mechanical degradation is markedly suppressed, leading to improved cycling stability of NCM613||Si/C full cells, with capacity retentions of 80% after 400 cycles at 45 °C, 82% after 200 cycles at 55 °C, and 80% after 300 cycles at 4.6 V. These results reveal the structure-function relationship underlying the transition from monoanhydride to dianhydride additives and provide a molecular basis for electrolyte design that couples bulk chemistry, solvation structure, and interphase mechanics.

In air-to-water (A2W) visible light communication (VLC) systems, supporting real-time mobile communication of the receiver is crucial. However, there have been few reports on A2W VLC systems with real-time mobility capability. In this Letter, we propose a trend differential detection (TDD) method for A2W real-time mobile VLC, which effectively extends the polar angle dynamic range of the traditional symbol differential detection (SDD) method. In the experiments, we achieved A2W real-time mobile communication at 2.0 Mb/s with a polar angle dynamic range of up to 32° under tap water conditions, representing a 1.6-fold improvement compared to the traditional SDD method. In addition, we also demonstrate A2W real-time mobile communication when the average wave height is 8 cm, and the polar angle dynamic range is 20°, showing that the receiver can move at a speed of 1.0 m/s while maintaining a bit error rate (BER) below the forward error correction (FEC) threshold at the same time.

The 1-µm wavelength band is investigated for high-speed, short-reach intensity-modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) transmission using a 1064 nm lithium-niobate Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). On-off keying (OOK), four-, six-, and eight-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM4, PAM6, and PAM8) are evaluated after 100 m of standard single-mode fiber (SMF) transmission and compared with optical back-to-back (ob2b) operation. Net rates of 178 Gb/s for OOK, 200 Gb/s for PAM4, and 211 Gb/s for PAM6 and PAM8 are achieved below the 6.25% overhead hard-decision forward-error-correction (HD-FEC) threshold. These results support the potential of 1064 nm externally modulated links for future low-latency short-reach interconnects and radio-access-oriented optical transport systems.

Internally resistance-heated diamond anvil cell (IHDAC) enables long-duration, thermally stable experiments at high pressure and high temperature conditions and is, therefore, well suited for physical property measurements implicating the Earth's deep interior. A potential limitation of conventional direct current (DC) operation is the formation of a steady electric potential gradient within the sample, which can induce electromigration and thereby drive time-dependent compositional changes during heating. To address this issue, here we introduce alternating current (AC) operation in IHDAC experiments. We demonstrate the influence of constant voltage bias by comparing DC- and AC-IHDAC for Fe-H and Fe-C alloys. In the Fe-H system, ramp laser heating under constant voltage bias produces a reduction in lattice volume, consistent with substantial hydrogen loss. In contrast, 1-kHz AC-internal heating does not show apparent hydrogen depletion up to ∼2350 K and allows stable tracking of the hcp-(hcp + fcc)-fcc transition, consistent with reported phase relations. For Fe-4 wt. % C, cross-sectional chemical analyses of recovered samples reveal carbon inhomogeneity after constant-voltage-biased heating, whereas AC heating yields uniform Fe and C distributions. These results demonstrate that AC-IHDAC can effectively reduce the net electrical bias in IHDAC experiments and suppress electromigration-driven redistribution of light elements, thereby improving chemical stability in high-P-T measurements on Fe-light element alloys.

Conventional constructed wetlands (CWs) often suffer from adsorption saturation and incomplete degradation when treating antibiotic wastewater, posing risks of pollutant re-release. An iron-carbon substrate was coupled with a microbial fuel cell in a vertical subsurface flow CW (FeC-MFC) based on the hypothesis that electroactive microbial enrichment and strengthened electron transfer would promote TC transformation and treatment stability under chronic TC stress (800 μg/L). FeC-MFC achieved 99.97% TC removal, reducing residual parent TC to 0.28 μg/L, while maintaining stable COD (86.95%) and TN (92.46%) removal. Bioelectrochemical coupling enriched Geobacter (10.09%) and maintained an electroactive microbial network under prolonged TC exposure, accompanied by enhanced functions related to xenobiotic transformation, stress response, cytochrome P450 metabolism and aromatic compound degradation. Enhanced electron transfer was associated with microbially mediated TC transformation. A greater diversity of transformation products included highly oxygenated and more polar intermediates was also detected. These findings associate electroactive bacterial enrichment and sustained electrical activity with more extensive TC transformation, highlighting the need to consider molecular transformation alongside removal efficiency when evaluating antibiotic treatment performance.

The objective of this study was to compare fecal egg count (FEC) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in naturally parasite-infected goats following administration of an anthelmintic drug and Mitragyna speciosa Korth. as the control and treatment groups, respectively. A total of 34 female goats were randomly allocated into two groups. The control group received albendazole at a dose of 15 mg/kg on the first day of the experiment. Then followed by a daily placebo until day 21. The treatment group was orally administered 5 g/head of dried Mitragyna speciosa Korth. daily for 21 days. Hematological parameters were evaluated on days 0 and 21, while blood biochemical parameters, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), were measured on day 0 and at 7-day intervals until day 35. Fecal egg count and serum MDA concentration were determined on day 0 and every 7 days until day 42. The results showed that plasma protein levels were significantly affected by time (p < 0.05) and group (p < 0.05), while red blood cell count was significantly influenced by time (p < 0.05). No significant group effects were observed for BUN, creatinine, AST, and GGT. However, AST showed a significant effect over time (p < 0.05). Hematological and blood biochemical parameters remained within physiological ranges in both groups, with no evidence of kratom-associated toxicity. Log2-transformed fecal egg counts per gram of feces (Log2-EPG) showed significant time and time × group interaction effects (p < 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). Fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) showed significant time and time × group interaction effects (p = 0.009 and p = 0.013, respectively). Serum MDA was significantly lower in the kratom group only at day 7 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Mitragyna speciosa Korth. supplementation did not significantly reduce fecal egg count compared to conventional anthelmintic treatment but demonstrated a transient effect on oxidative stress, as indicated by changes in serum MDA concentration.

Bisphosphonate-anchored self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) play a pivotal function in the development of high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the strong aggregation tendency of SAM molecules on substrates significantly limits the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices. In this study, a spirocyclic linkage strategy is introduced for the first time into the molecular design of bisphosphonate-based SAM hole-transporting materials, and three target compounds, SCF-4PADCB, SF-4PADCB, and SFT-4PADCB, are successfully synthesized. The twisted spiro-conformation effectively suppresses intermolecular π-π stacking aggregation. In addition, SCF-4PADCB hole-transporting layer optimizes the interfacial energy level alignment, and passivates the defects of perovskite. Consequently, the inverted PSCs based on SCF-4PADCB achieve a champion PCE of 26.58%. Moreover, the unencapsulated device retains 91.26% of its initial PCE after 1200 h of maximum power point tracking and exhibits outstanding ultraviolet stability. Impressively, SCF-4PADCB also demonstrates excellent versatility, delivering a PCE of 23.46% in 1.68 eV wide-bandgap PSCs and a superior indoor PCE of 43.65% under 1000 lux LED illumination. This work provides a promising molecular design strategy for developing novel SAMs toward highly efficient and stable PSCs.

Perovskite photovoltaics are limited by structural instabilities initiated during crystallization and amplified under operation. We report that a lattice-matched Prussian blue scaffold directs heterogeneous nucleation to produce highly oriented, strain-relaxed films. Its redox-active Fe-C≡N-Fe network mediates the conversion of Pb[0] and I[0] defects, and its rigid open framework suppresses A-site cation redistribution and the resulting electronic inhomogeneity under bias. This strategy yielded champion power conversion efficiencies of 26.1% (n-i-p) and 26.9% (p-i-n; 26.2% certified), scaling to 23.4% in 6-centimeter-by-6-centimeter minimodules and a certified 22.9% in 30-centimeter-by-30-centimeter submodules. Submodules with initial power conversion efficiencies ranging from 20.2 to 21.0% showed robust durability under accelerated aging and no discernible decline relative to a silicon reference over 5 months of outdoor testing.

Ligand field induced electronic structure modulation provides an effective pathway to tune the electrochemical functionality of Prussian Blue Analogue molecular magnets. Partial substitution of Fe by Co[2+] in Fe-C≡N-Fe framework forms cobalt iron hexacyanoferrate (KCoFeHCF), significantly modifying the local ligand field and metal-cyanide bonding through strong Co/Fe-N≡C-Fe linkages. It alters d-orbital splitting and spin configuration, producing an additional low-spin Fe[3+] state alongside high-spin Fe[3+] and low-spin Fe[2+] states. Enhanced charge redistribution and electron delocalization across the framework stabilizes these states and increase the crystal field stabilization energy to -5.2 Δ0 + 6P, compared with -2.4 Δ0 + 3P for KFeHCF and -2.8 Δ0 + 4P for KCoHCF, improving structural stability. Density functional theory confirms preferential electron redistribution toward low-spin Fe sites. Importantly, ligand field modulation activates the otherwise inaccessible Co[2+]/Co[3+] redox couple by lowering its operating potential from ∼1.92 to ∼0.6 V, enabling a triple-redox mechanism involving Co-N, Fe-N, and Fe-C environments. KCoFeHCF delivers ∼148 mAh/g at 2.5 A/g with 88% capacity retention after 180 cycles. Full cell achieves ∼58 Wh/ kg at ∼1505 W/kg and retains ∼60% capacity after 5000 cycles, demonstrating excellent electrochemical durability and promising potential for aqueous potassium-ion batteries.

Precision oncology aims to guide treatment decisions using biomarkers. While DNA-based panels are increasingly applied, RNA transcriptomics remain underused due to limited datasets and the absence of robust models. To address this, we assembled the largest transcriptomic resource for drug response prediction to date, spanning 91 cohorts, 5,675 patients, nine cancer types, and six frontline therapies: anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immune-checkpoint inhibitors, trastuzumab, bevacizumab, BRAF inhibitors, paclitaxel, and FAC/FEC (fluorouracil-adriamycin-cyclophosphamide/fluorouracil-epirubicin-cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy. A supervised machine-learning framework, EXPRESSO (EXpression-Profile-RESponSe-Optimizer), was developed to predict treatment response from pre-treatment transcriptomes by integrating drug targets and context-specific biomarkers. EXPRESSO effectively predicted patient treatment responses across therapies, outperforming 20 published transcriptomic signatures and other machine learning methods. Prospective validation on 22 independent cohorts confirmed that performance generalized beyond cross-validation. The EXPRESSO signature additionally stratified progression-free survival in immune checkpoint blockade-treated cohorts, demonstrating prognostic value beyond binary response prediction. Robustness analysis revealed that predictive performance plateaued for some therapies with increasing training cohorts but continued to improve for others. These findings suggest inherent limits of supervised brute-force learning for certain treatments, but additional data and deeper mechanistic modeling may further enhance transcriptomics-based predictors.

Sodium metal anodes paired with solid polymer electrolytes offer a compelling route to safe, high-energy-density batteries, yet uncontrolled interfacial reactivity and dendrite formation remain critical barriers. Here, CO2-mediated non-thermal plasma technology is used to engineer ex situ artificial solid electrolyte interphases (ASEIs) on sodium metal anodes using fluorinated precursors - NaF, FEC, and PFHxA - spanning a systematic range of inorganic-to-organic fluorine character. Gas-phase characterization by OES, FTIR, and GC-MS reveals that each precursor generates distinct reactive intermediates in the plasma, while XPS confirms precursor-dependent divergence in interphase fluorine speciation: NaF yields an inorganic-rich NaF/organic-carbon hybrid, whereas PFHxA produces a fluoropolymer-dominated film. This compositional divergence directly governs performance - the NaF-derived ASEI delivers the lowest interfacial charge-transfer resistance, sustains symmetric cell cycling beyond 1800 h (18-fold improvement over bare sodium), and maintains stable half-cell operation beyond 3000 cycles at 3C. These results establish that optimal ASEI design requires a deliberate balance of inorganic fluoride for Na[+] transport and organic carbon functionality for SPE interfacial compatibility, and demonstrate CO2-mediated NTP as a versatile, ambient-condition platform for rational interphase engineering in solid-state alkali metal batteries.

The efficiency bottleneck of organic solar cells (OSCs) is predominantly hindered by severe non-radiative energy loss (ΔE3), which primarily originates from strong electron-phonon coupling and detrimental charge recombination into darker state traps. Herein, we designed and synthesized a highly rigid and polarized dimeric acceptor, DY-SO by incorporating a sulfone bridged unit. It is revealed that the sulfone bridge's steric hindrance restricts backbone torsion and suppresses molecular vibration, enabling DY-SO with significantly reduced reorganization energy compared to small molecule L8-BO, which reduces non-radiative triplet trapping (CT→T1) and yields photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 11.70% and exceptionally low ΔE3 of 0.149 eV. Upon deploying DY-SO into the D18:L8-BO baseline matrix to evaluate its photovoltaic potential, we further discovered that the inclusion of this rigid dimer successfully tames the film-formation kinetics, effectively suppressing the excessive self-agglomeration inherent to rigid structures and promoting more ordered molecular packing and a favorable phase-separated morphology. Benefiting from these synergistic modulations, the optimal ternary D18:L8-BO:DY-SO OSC achieves an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 21.13% (certified as 20.70%). This work demonstrates that by introducing structurally rigidified, highly polarized dimeric acceptor to suppress molecular vibrational coupling, and mitigate non-radiative dissipation is of great significance for improving the performance of OSCs.

Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) offers high data rate and low latency, making it an important complement to underwater acoustic communication. In particular, single-photon UWOC (SP-UWOC) has attracted increasing attention because of its high sensitivity and potential for long-range transmission. However, the dead time of a single-photon detector makes it difficult to achieve effective pulse recognition and communication with a single-pixel detection scheme. In addition, the highly collimated laser beam, water turbulence, and underwater platform motion impose stringent optical alignment requirements between the transmitter and receiver. Here, a single-pixel SP-UWOC based on a coiled-fiber receiver is proposed and demonstrated. By using a coil of bare optical fiber as the receiver, the proposed system not only relaxes the alignment requirement between the transmitter and receiver but also exploits the position-dependent propagation delays along the coiled fiber to temporally spread simultaneously incident photons. This enables a single-pixel single-photon detector to receive and resolve multiple photons within a single transmitted pulse, thereby achieving effective communication. Experimental results show that, with a bit error rate (BER) below the forward error correction (FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10[-3], the proposed system supports a data rate of 0.8 Mbps over an 85 m link at an attenuation length (AL) of 4.65 m and over a 9.6 m link at an AL of 0.89 m. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach and highlight its potential for long-range, robust, and alignment-relaxed UWOC.

We propose and demonstrate a hybrid optical-electrical polarization tracking scheme for a 224-Gbit/s polarization-multiplexing intensity modulation and direct detection (PM-IM/DD) system using a silicon photonics (SiP) polarization controller. Optical polarization tracking is first employed at the receiver front-end to suppress polarization crosstalk and reduce mixed polarization beating interference (MPBI) to an acceptable level, enabling blind low-complexity electrical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) equalization. Compared with optical tracking alone, the proposed scheme achieves nearly an order-of-magnitude reduction in both average and maximum BER under a polarization scrambling rate of 200 rad/s. As a result, the maximum tolerable polarization tracking speed under the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10[-3] is doubled from 100 rad/s to 200 rad/s without upgrading the SiP polarization controller. These results demonstrate that electrical-domain compensation effectively relaxes the requirement on optical tracking speed for PM-IM/DD transmission in scale-up/scale-out short-reach optical interconnects for artificial intelligence (AI) data centers.

High-energy-density lithium metal batteries (LMBs) require electrolytes that can simultaneously support stable lithium metal anodes and high-voltage cathodes such as NMC811 operated up to 4.5 V. Here, a molecular engineering strategy is introduced in which a carbonyl group and a trifluoromethyl group are incorporated into a glycol-ether-type backbone to produce a fluorinated alkoxyethyl acetate solvent, 2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)ethyl acetate (TFE-EA), used as the main solvent in LiFSI-TFE-EA-FEC electrolytes. This design breaks the symmetric bidentate solvation typical of ether solvents, establishes carbonyl-dominant solvation, and depresses the solvating ability and oxidation reactivity of the ethereal oxygen, as revealed by combined DFT, NMR, FTIR, Raman, and AIMD analyses. The resulting TFE-EA-based electrolyte exhibits enhanced oxidative stability, improved lithium plating/stripping efficiency, dense and uniform lithium deposition, and robust cathode-electrolyte interphases in Li||NMC811 cells cycled to 4.5 V, delivering markedly superior capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency compared with ethereal counterparts. Parallel studies on the non-fluorinated alkoxyethyl acetate MEA and its ether analog EME confirm that ester introduction alone improves oxidative stability and cycling, while fluorination further amplifies these benefits. This work establishes alkoxyethyl acetates, exemplified by TFE-EA, as a promising solvent platform for practical, high-voltage LMB electrolytes.