Children and adolescents undergoing cancer treatment, along with their families, experience psychological and emotional distress. Music therapy is increasingly acknowledged as an intervention that may foster emotion regulation, coping, and communication; however, family involvement remains insufficiently delineated. This scoping review maps evidence on family involvement in music therapy for paediatric oncology, characterises the forms and intensity of participation, summarises intervention features and reported outcomes, and identifies limitations and research gaps. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in PSYNDEX, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, and Embase (2010-2025). Studies were eligible if they examined music therapy interventions or structured music-therapy-based interventions in paediatric oncology and involved family members at any level of participation. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesised descriptively. Across the studies, reported outcomes included reductions in anxiety, stress, and pain, as well as improvements in mood, quality of life, and family interaction. Family involvement ranged from primarily observational and reflective roles to direct participation in shared music-making and, in some cases, therapist-guided parent-led facilitation. Interaction-focused and parent-directed approaches were most often described as supporting emotional connectedness, shared coping, and family resilience. Methodological heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and inconsistent conceptualisations of family involvement limited comparability. The reviewed literature suggests that family involvement in music therapy may support psychosocial well-being and relational functioning within paediatric oncology. However, the available evidence is heterogeneous and primarily descriptive. Future research would benefit from clearer conceptualisations of family involvement and more methodologically comparable studies to clarify mechanisms of change and long-term effects.

Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome triggered by infection and accompanied by high mortality, with antimicrobial resistances (AMRs) further escalating clinical challenges. The rapid and reliable detection of causative pathogens and AMRs are key factors for fast and appropriate treatment, in order to improve outcomes in septic patients. However, current sepsis diagnostics based on blood culture is limited by low sensitivity and specificity while current molecular approaches fail to enter clinical routine. Therefore, we developed a suppression PCR-based selective enrichment sequencing approach (SUPSETS), providing a molecular method combining multiplex suppression PCR with Nanopore sequencing to identify most common sepsis-causative pathogens and AMRs using plasma cell-free DNA. Applying only 1 mL of plasma, we targeted eight pathogens across three kingdoms and ten AMRs in a proof-of-concept study. SUPSETS was successfully tested in an experimental research study on the first ten clinical samples and revealed comparable results to clinical metagenomics while clearly outperforming blood culture. Several clinically relevant AMRs could be additionally detected. Furthermore, SUPSETS provided first pathogen and AMR-specific sequencing reads within minutes of starting sequencing, thereby potentially decreasing time-to-results to 11-13 h and suggesting diagnostic potential in sepsis.

Human immunoglobulin (IG) is used for IgG replacement therapy in primary and secondary immunodeficiency, for prevention and treatment of certain infections, and as an immunomodulatory agent for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. IG has a wide spectrum of antibodies to microbial and human antigens. Several high-titered IGs are also available enriched in antibodies to specific viruses or bacterial toxins. IG can be given intravenously (IGIV), intramuscularly (IGIM) or by subcutaneous infusions (SCIG). Local adverse reactions such as persistent pain, bruising, swelling and erythema are rare with IGIV infusions but common (75%) with SCIG infusions. By contrast, adverse systemic reactions are rare with SCIG infusions but common with IGIV infusions, occurring as often as 20% to 50% of patients and 5% to 15% of all IGIV infusions. Systemic adverse reactions can be immediate (60% of reactions) occurring within 6 hours of an infusion, delayed (40% of reactions) occurring 6 hours-1 week after an infusion, and late (less than 1% of reactions), occurring weeks and months after an infusion. Immediate systemic reactions such as head and body aches, chills and fever are usually mild and readily treatable. Immediate anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions are uncommon. The most common delayed systemic reaction is persistent headache. Less common but more serious delayed reactions include aseptic meningitis, renal failure, thromboembolism, and hemolytic reactions. Late reactions are uncommon but often severe, and include lung disease, enteritis, dermatologic disorders and infectious diseases. The types, incidence, causes, prevention, and management of these reactions are discussed.

This report is a compendium of all current recommendations for the prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), and mumps. The report presents the recent revisions adopted by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on October 24, 2012, and also summarizes all existing ACIP recommendations that have been published previously during 1998-2011 (CDC. Measles, mumps, and rubella--vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP]. MMWR 1998;47[No. RR-8]; CDC. Revised ACIP recommendation for avoiding pregnancy after receiving a rubellacontaining vaccine. MMWR 2001;50:1117; CDC. Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP] for the control and elimination of mumps. MMWR 2006;55:629-30; and, CDC. Immunization of healthcare personnel: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2011;60[No. RR-7]). Currently, ACIP recommends 2 doses of MMR vaccine routinely for children with the first dose administered at age 12 through 15 months and the second dose administered at age 4 through 6 years before school entry. Two doses are recommended for adults at high risk for exposure and transmission (e.g., students attending colleges or other post-high school educational institutions, healthcare personnel, and international travelers) and 1 dose for other adults aged ≥18 years. For prevention of rubella, 1 dose of MMR vaccine is recommended for persons aged ≥12 months. At the October 24, 2012 meeting, ACIP adopted the following revisions, which are published here for the first time. These included: • For acceptable evidence of immunity, removing documentation of physician diagnosed disease as an acceptable criterion for evidence of immunity for measles and mumps, and including laboratory confirmation of disease as a criterion for acceptable evidence of immunity for measles, rubella, and mumps. • For persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, expanding recommendations for vaccination to all persons aged ≥12 months with HIV infection who do not have evidence of current severe immunosuppression; recommending revaccination of persons with perinatal HIV infection who were vaccinated before establishment of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) with 2 appropriately spaced doses of MMR vaccine once effective ART has been established; and changing the recommended timing of the 2 doses of MMR vaccine for HIV-infected persons to age 12 through 15 months and 4 through 6 years. • For measles postexposure prophylaxis, expanding recommendations for use of immune globulin administered intramuscularly (IGIM) to include infants aged birth to 6 months exposed to measles; increasing the recommended dose of IGIM for immunocompetent persons; and recommending use of immune globulin administered intravenously (IGIV) for severely immunocompromised persons and pregnant women without evidence of measles immunity who are exposed to measles. As a compendium of all current recommendations for the prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), and mumps, the information in this report is intended for use by clinicians as baseline guidance for scheduling of vaccinations for these conditions and considerations regarding vaccination of special populations. ACIP recommendations are reviewed periodically and are revised as indicated when new information becomes available.

Therapeutic antibodies include polyclonal immunoglobulins isolated from regular or high-titered human plasma, sera from immunized animals, and monoclonal antibodies. This array of therapeutic antibodies is used for the prevention and treatment of many infectious diseases, antibody immunodeficiencies, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders, and cancers. Polyclonal human immunoglobulins are available for intramuscular injection (IGIM), intravenous infusion (IGIV) and subcutaneous infusion (SCIG). We review these products and detail the therapeutic use of polyclonal human antibodies in the treatment of antibody immunodeficiencies, including their occasional local side effects (tenderness, sterile abscesses), minor systemic side effects (chills, muscle aches, malaise, headaches) and major side effects (aseptic meningitis, nephropathy, thrombosis).

A new process for the production of intramuscular immunoglobulin products is described which includes viral inactivation through solvent-detergent treatment. Removal of solvent-detergent was accomplished by precipitation, filtration and diafiltration. Process-scale preparations had appropriate antibody potency levels, and improved IgG integrity relative to traditional IGIM products. Moreover, acceptable results were obtained in all in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical toxicology testing, as well as clinical evaluation. Scaled-down experiments demonstrated that the new process provides effective viral inactivation. Taken together, these results indicate that the new products should have the same efficacy of the previous IGIM products albeit with safety and processing improvements.

During the past 50 years, most US-licensed plasma derivatives have maintained an impressive record of not transmitting HBV, HCV, or HIV Albumin (50-year history) has never transmitted these viruses. PPF (40-year history) transmitted HBV on only one occasion, which was associated with a design flaw in one manufacturing plant. IGIM has never transmitted any of these viruses since the requirement of sensitive serologic screening tests for HBV (24 years). IGIV (17-year history) transmitted HCV in only one outbreak involving the product of one manufacturer. Even AHF and FIX have not transmitted these viruses since effective virus-inactivation processes in manufacturing were developed. In summary, there has been no transmission of HBV, HCV, or HIV by US-licensed plasma derivatives since the introduction of effective virus-inactivation procedures. This means, essentially, that there has been no transmission of these viruses since the end of 1987; the sole exception is IGIV, by which there has been no transmission since 1994.

We studied 27 patients presenting with renal dysfunction after Stibamate therapy. Eighteen patients were proved cases of Kala Azar, others of PUO. Out of 10 cases in whom Kidney biopsy was done, 6 had tubular necrosis, one had mild mesangial proliferation and 3 had normal picture.