Gold is indispensable to modern technologies, yet its supply remains heavily dependent on environmentally intensive primary mining. Rapidly accumulating electronic waste (e-waste) represents a valuable urban mine, but Au recovery is still constrained by corrosive lixiviants, co-dissolution of competing metals, and high reagent demand. Herein, defect-anchored Pt-Ov-Ti charge bridges are proposed to couple photogenerated-carrier dynamics with iodine redox cycling, achieving 98.25% Au dissolution within 2 h while limiting the co-dissolution of competing metals to below 0.62%. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that Pt-Ov-Ti sites promote interfacial charge transfer and carrier utilization, enabling hole-driven I[-] oxidation and O2-assisted iodine redox cycling. In situ characterization and theoretical calculations further reveal that Pt-Ov-Ti induces local interfacial redistribution, introduces Pt 5d-derived frontier states, and enhances iodine species adsorption and charge transfer, enabling reversible interfacial electronic-state evolution during iodide activation. This pathway enabled the dissolution of 196.04 mg of Au from 1 kg of discarded central processing units (CPUs) with Au accounting for 99.2% of the leached metals, while retaining >95% activity after 10 cycles and supporting catalyst recycling and iodine reuse. This work highlights defect-associated interfacial charge-transfer engineering as a promising strategy for directing photogenerated carriers toward selective ligand-mediated leaching and sustainable precious-metal recovery.

Owing to the spin statistics of electrogenerated excitons, conventional fluorescent ECL materials fail to utilize 75% of the triplet excitons. To improve the utilization efficiency of triplet excitons, this work proposed a strategy for the design of phosphorescent ECL material based on the synergistic effect of heavy-atom iodine enhanced spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and rigid molecular environment. A copper-iodide cluster complex Cu4I6(pr-ted)2 was successfully synthesized using 1-propyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium (pr-ted) as the organic cation and polyvinylpyrrolidone for chain entanglement. The enhanced SOC promoted efficient intersystem crossing, and thus rapidly populated long-lived triplet excited states, which lifted the spin-forbidden transition from the triplet state to the ground state for efficient radiative utilization of triplet excitons. The rigid network could effectively suppress non-radiative transitions and mitigate dynamic oxygen quenching. The ECL process of designed Cu4I6(pr-ted)2 followed a new cluster-centered charge transfer mechanism with low non-radiative losses, exhibiting a long luminescence lifetime, high quantum yield, and an excellent ECL efficiency of 33.5%. Based on the strong ECL emission of Cu4I6(pr-ted)2, an ECL imaging sensor was constructed for the quantitative detection of organophosphorus pesticides with malathion as a model analyte, which achieved a linear detection range of 10[- 3] - 10[3] pg/mL and a detection limit as low as 7.68 × 10[- 4] pg/mL. This work provided a new approach for the development of efficient and low-cost phosphorescent ECL materials as well as their biosensing applications.

In this study, the iodide refining of high-purity vanadium metal was investigated experimentally and by two-dimensional numerical simulations based on the SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations) algorithm. The effects of system temperature, K values (characterizing the deposition filament temperature), initial iodine amount, and raw material packing configuration on the deposition rate, crystal morphology, and mass transport were studied in a custom-built iodide apparatus. The experimental results showed that the deposition rate exhibited a bell-shaped dependence on the source temperature. The optimal source temperature and optimal K value were 1123-1173 K and 40-50, respectively, at which the average deposition rate reached its peak. Both the average deposition rate and the average reaction time increased slightly with increasing initial iodine amount, but the increases were limited. Full loading of the raw material yielded crystal rods of uniform size. Vanadium crystal rods with a diameter of approximately 20 mm were obtained after refining. The metallic impurities Fe, Cr, Al, and Si were reduced to 0.025-0.033 wt.%, <0.001 wt.%, <0.001 wt.%, and <0.002 wt.%, respectively, while the interstitial impurities O, C, and N were reduced to <0.01 wt.%, <0.002 wt.%, and <0.002 wt.%, respectively, indicating that iodide refining can effectively reduce the contents of both interstitial and metallic impurities in vanadium metal. Numerical simulation results showed that the mass transport rate decreased monotonically with increasing total pressure, increased with rising temperature owing to the enhanced VI2 partial-pressure difference, and decreased with increasing transport distance. The flow pattern transitioned from pure diffusion/advection at 300 Pa to transitional vortices at 1000 Pa, and finally to fully developed recirculation at 3000 Pa. The simulation results are qualitatively consistent with the experimental observations, providing a theoretical basis for process optimization. To further improve the purity and scale-up potential of the process, it is necessary to conduct more in-depth research, including the development of fully coupled models that incorporate gas-phase dissociation, non-equilibrium surface kinetics, and composition-dependent mixture properties, as well as three-dimensional simulations and reactor material optimization.

The anthropogenic, long-lived radioisotope [129]I is a growing long-term concern for aquatic ecosystems due to its predominantly chronic release from nuclear industry facilities, high environmental mobility, and strong biological affinity. Unlike well-studied radionuclides, the mechanisms governing the transfer, accumulation, and biotransformation of iodine radioisotopes in marine and freshwater biota remain insufficiently understood, particularly in fish, which represent a critical link in human exposure pathways. This knowledge gap limits the accuracy of radiological risk assessments and the development of effective mitigation strategies for a contaminant that persists on geological time scales. These uncertainties are further amplified under climate change, as rising temperatures, acidification, and increased co-occurring pollutant loads alter fish physiology and affect iodine metabolism. In aquatic systems, [129]I occurs mainly as iodide and iodate, both biologically relevant and involved in enzymatically mediated pathways leading to the synthesis of iodine-containing compounds, including thyroid hormones. Despite the ecological and physiological importance of these processes, existing reviews largely address iodine in fish in a general or thyroid-centered context. This review synthesizes and critically evaluates current knowledge on the mechanisms of iodine radioisotope transfer, accumulation, and biotransformation in marine and freshwater fish, with particular emphasis on membrane transport systems, tissue-specific metabolism, and climate change effects.

We report a visible-light-driven, metal-free iodination of arenes using aryldibenzothiophenium (Ar-DBT) salts and potassium iodide. This transformation operates efficiently under air with KI as the optimized iodide source, forming an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex that generates aryl radicals upon visible-light irradiation. This protocol exhibits broad functional group tolerance across electronically diverse arenes, heterocycles, and sterically congested substrates. Notably, the synthetic utility of this protocol is demonstrated through the late-stage diversification of a wide array of structurally complex bioactive, agrochemical molecules, and functional molecules, as well as the efficient synthesis of dihalogenated xantphos derivatives.

Lead halide perovskite solar cells, despite their outstanding optoelectronic properties, suffer from poor long-term stability under environmental stressors, limiting their industrial scalability. To address this issue, we explored photoelectrodes composed of FTO/TiO2 substrates coated with hybrid heterostructures. The latter combine ligated molybdenum clusters (MCs), [{Mo6Ii8}La6] (I[i] = face-capping iodine; L[a] = terminal iodine or H2O), integrated with CsPbBr3 (CPB). Two strategies were explored: (i) one-step spin-coating to form MC@CPB composites and (ii) two-step electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to create large CPB/MCEPD interfaces by overlaying MCs onto a predeposited CPB film. Photoelectrochemical analysis showed that MC-integrated photoelectrodes exhibit (i) extended absorption, (ii) enhanced chemical stability, and (iii) improved photocurrent stability compared to pristine CPB. The MCs act as passivation agents, limiting surface reactivity and halide migration. DFT calculations were used to model the MC/CPB interfaces, revealing mechanistic insights into the observed performance enhancements such as a strong anchoring of MCs via Mo-I-Pb bonds and a bandgap mainly governed by the MC contribution. This combined experimental and computational study demonstrates that MC integration offers a robust strategy to enhance both the stability and the performance of perovskite solar cells.

The synthesis of 5-aminoisothiazoles typically relies on toxic oxidants, transition metals, or harsh conditions. A green electrochemical method that enables the oxidative cyclization of readily available N-substituted 3-aminoprop-2-enethioamides (generated in situ from isothiocyanates and β-enamines) under constant current without the need for external chemical oxidants is reported herein. A broad range of 5-aminoisothiazoles are obtained in moderate to good yields (up to 85%, 30 examples) with high atom economy. Remarkably, when nucleophiles (e.g., alcohols, water, and TMSN3) are present, the reaction switches to desulfurization, affording imidates, amides, or tetrazoles in good yields. Mechanistic studies support an anodic oxidation of iodide to iodine, which triggers cyclization and desulfurization. This work provides a mild and sustainable alternative to classical isothiazole synthesis and offers a tunable desulfurization platform.

Tetracycline (TC), a widely used broad-spectrum antibiotic, was experimentally and theoretically investigated for its potential effect on thyroid hormone biosynthesis through interaction with thyroid peroxidase (TPO). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a model of TPO, while FeTPPCl was employed as a model of the active site of the enzyme. The inhibitory effect of TC on the catalytic oxidation of iodide to active iodine was studied spectrophotometrically through the formation of triiodide (I3[-]), and the IC50 value was determined. Kinetic studies using Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver-Burk analysis demonstrated that TC acts as a reversible non-competitive inhibitor of HRP, leading to decreased Km and Vmax values and the formation of the ESI complex. Molecular docking calculations further supported the experimental findings, indicating that TC binds at a site different from the active center of the enzyme. The results suggest that tetracycline may interfere with thyroid hormone biosynthesis by inhibiting TPO-mediated iodide oxidation, revealing a possible mechanism associated with thyroid-related side effects during prolonged antibiotic administration.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are promising hole-transporting interlayers for inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) owing to their ultrathin thickness and tunable work function. However, conventional SAMs such as Me-4PACz tend to adopt lying-down or tilted conformations on substrates, leading to disordered dipole orientation, inadequate substrate coverage, and buried terminal groups that are unable to passivate interface defects. In this study, we design an asymmetric conjugated SAM molecule, BCPA-Ph, to address these limitations. Its vertically oriented π-conjugated backbones build direct hole transport pathways, thereby accelerating carrier extraction, while the fully exposed terminal carbazole N─H groups form intermolecular hydrogen bonds with perovskite surface iodine species and eliminate iodide vacancy traps. As a result, the inverted PSCs based on BCPA-Ph achieve a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27.21%, along with markedly enhanced thermal and operational stability. Moreover, BCPA-Ph presents outstanding universality for large-area and wide-bandgap perovskite devices, yielding a high PCE of 26.34% for 1 cm[2] devices and 23.77% for 1.68 eV wide-bandgap PSCs. This work underscores the critical importance of molecular configuration engineering in the rational design of SAMs for high-performance PSCs.

Graves' disease can be managed with antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioactive iodine (RAI), or surgery. When ATDs are ineffective or poorly tolerated, RAI or surgery may be indicated. Methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) are commonly used, sometimes with adjunctive agents such as potassium iodide (KI), β-blockers, or corticosteroids. Although ATDs are essential in management, rare but severe allergic reactions may occur, necessitating careful monitoring. We report a case of refractory Graves' disease with a history of ATD-induced hemophagocytic syndrome and multiple drug allergies. A 43-year-old woman was diagnosed with Graves' disease after presenting with thyrotoxicosis and was treated with MMI and KI. Following an increase in the MMI dosage, she developed a rash and was switched to PTU. Although the rash resolved, she developed fever requiring hospitalization. During admission, shock and abnormal vital signs prompted suspicion of PTU-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Immunosuppressive therapy, plasma exchange, temporary hemodialysis, and corticosteroids led to improvement. She was discharged on corticosteroids, but thyroid function worsened during tapering, making ATDs unsuitable. Sixteen months later, RAI therapy was attempted; thyroid function worsened, and KI was continued. Eighteen months later, she was rehospitalized for fatigue; increasing corticosteroids improved thyroid hormone levels. Due to multiple drug allergies, a drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test was performed preoperatively and was positive for levothyroxine (LT4), although patch and oral provocation tests were negative, confirming LT4 safety. After stabilization, total thyroidectomy was performed; postoperatively, she received powdered LT4 and calcium supplementation. The course was uneventful, without allergic manifestations, and she was discharged in good condition. This case highlights the risk of severe hematologic complications from PTU and demonstrates that, with careful preoperative evaluation and individualized perioperative management, safe surgical treatment of refractory Graves' disease is possible.

Most thyroid cancers are differentiated tumours with favourable outcomes, but a clinically important minority develops invasion, distant metastasis, loss of radioiodine uptake and histological dedifferentiation. TP53 encodes p53, a tumour suppressor that coordinates DNA-damage responses, cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis and genome stability. In thyroid cancer, TP53/p53 abnormalities show a stage-dependent pattern. They are uncommon in conventional low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), but become enriched in high-grade DTC, poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, radioiodine-refractory disease and rapidly progressive tumours. This Review integrates the 2022 WHO classification, the 2025 American Thyroid Association guideline, early pathology studies, modern genomic cohorts, mechanistic models and recent therapeutic evidence. Current data support TP53/p53 alteration as both a marker and a functional contributor to high-grade transformation and clonal progression. In radioiodine refractoriness, TP53 abnormality is best interpreted as part of a multistep progression background involving dedifferentiation and clonal selection, rather than as a single cause of iodine-uptake loss. Clinically, TP53 testing is most useful in high-risk, progressive or treatment-refractory disease and should be interpreted together with histology, radioiodine avidity, TERT, BRAF/RAS, PI3K/AKT alterations and treatment response.