Long-term effectiveness is the primary challenge for the immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils. This study developed an accelerated aging method based on proton flux conservation to simulate long-term acid rain exposure. This method was used to assess the longevity of biochar (BC), lime (CaO), and magnesia (MgO) in remediating a soil severely co-contaminated by Pb and Cd. Biochar proved ineffective for immobilizing heavy metals in both short and long term. While both CaO and MgO were effective in the short term, MgO demonstrated superior performance, reducing the initial Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) leaching concentrations of Pb from 84.62 to 0.02 mg/L and Cd from 9.91 to 0.01 mg/L. After 100 years of simulated aging, CaO showed poor durability, as leaching risk increased by 577 % (Pb) and 483 % (Cd). Conversely, MgO maintained its high efficacy with these concentrations remaining low at 0.07 mg/L (Pb) and 0.03 mg/L (Cd). The sustained efficacy of MgO is attributed to its hydration into brucite, which provides high acid resistance due to its low solubility, and the formation of a passivation shell that prevents further carbonation, thereby maintaining a stable, high-pH environment favorable for heavy metal precipitation. This study thus identifies MgO as a highly effective and durable amendment for long-term remediation.

By 2050, surging global population will intensify food insecurity, making it imperative to develop innovative strategies that boost plant productivity. Plants are our core food supply. Engineered nanoparticles have emerged as promising growth stimulants; however, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), despite their efficacy, are inedible and pose eco-toxicity concerns that restrict their agrobiological deployment. Furthermore, conventional whole-tissue studies obscure individual cell responses, preventing precise characterization of nanoparticle-cell interactions. Here, we introduce magnesium-aluminium layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) nanoparticles, which is a food-grade material derived from commercial antacid formulations, that outperformed CNTs in accelerating plant cell development. This enhancement is suggested to be associated with the presence of magnesium ions and the positively charged LDH surface architecture, although the detailed molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated.

Drilling fluid performance is critical for wellbore stability, cuttings transport, and minimizing formation damage, but conventional additives often raise environmental concerns. This study evaluates the effectiveness of three additives, pistachio shell powder (PSP), magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, and carbon black (CB), in enhancing the rheological and filtration properties of water‑based drilling muds (WBMs). Ten mud formulations with varying additive concentrations (1-5 g) were prepared, and key parameters including density, pH, plastic viscosity, yield point, gel strength, API fluid loss, and shear‑dependent viscosity were systematically characterized. Results show that PSP significantly improved rheological performance, increasing yield point to 0.771 kg/m[2] and gel strength to 19.6 lb/100 ft[2], while maintaining stable density (9.82-9.88 ppg) and pH (8.0-8.2). In filtration tests, PSP achieved an API filtrate volume of 22 mL, superior to CB (26-27 mL) and comparable to MgO, owing to the formation of a thin, low‑permeability filter cake. All muds exhibited non‑Newtonian shear‑thinning behaviour, with PSP offering an optimal balance between viscosity for cuttings suspension and flowability during circulation. As an agricultural waste‑derived additive, PSP demonstrates technical performance on par with MgO nanoparticles while being cost‑effective and environmentally suitable. The main goal of this research is to comparatively study the effects of pistachio shell powder (PSP), magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles, and carbon black (CB) on the rheological and filtration characteristics of water-based drilling muds under similar experimental conditions, and to identify a sustainable and economical drilling fluid additive.

The problem of acidification of yellow soil in the southwest of China is prominent. To rejuvenate the new quality productive forces of acidic yellow soil， five treatments were set up： no amendment （CK）， organic fertilizer （OF）， biochar （BC）， biochar + dolomite （BC+D）， and organic fertilizer + dolomite （OF+D）. The aim was to identify a comprehensive improvement plan suitable for high-quality and long-term acidified yellow soil. The results showed that： ① OF+D significantly reduced exchangeable hydrogen by 25.9% and exchangeable aluminum by 34.1%， increased base saturation by 45.8% and pH by 0.43 units， and could promptly buffer the input of acidic substances near the root layer， reducing the sharp fluctuations in pH caused by the hydrolysis of potential acid， achieving the best acid control and prevention. ② BC and BC+D promoted the uniform distribution of soil water and nitrogen， while OF and OF+D were more effective in increasing water and nitrogen reserves. Particularly， OF+D increased total nitrogen， organic carbon， and available phosphorus by 9.1%， 12.4%， and 551.6%， respectively， while BC+D showed antagonistic effects. ③ The dry matter accumulation of corn was in the order of OF+D>BC+D>OF>BC>CK. The significant advantages were shown before the jointing stage after the application of dolomite， and the accumulation of grain biomass and nitrogen was accelerated thereafter. The yield， nitrogen uptake efficiency， and partial factor productivity of nitrogen of OF+D increased by 10.3%，73.8%， and 10.3%， respectively， and the production efficiency was improved in a coordinated manner. Therefore， considering the comprehensive aspects of acid regulation and control， soil fertility improvement， and stable and increased production， the application of organic fertilizer combined with dolomite is the most ideal approach for the improvement of acidic yellow soil and the increase of corn yield.

The work develops methods for synthesizing complex salts: [Co(NH3)6]2(CrO4)3, [Co(NH3)6](CrO4)(NO3), [Co(NH3)6](CrO4)Cl·3H2O, [Co(NH3)6]2(Cr2O7)3·5H2O, [Co(NH3)6](Cr2O7)(NO3)·H2O and [Co(NH3)6](Cr2O7)Cl·H2O. The compounds were characterized by PXRD, IR and elemental analysis. It was demonstrated that mixed-anion complex salts ([Co(NH3)6](CrO4)(NO3) or [Co(NH3)6](CrO4)Cl·3H2O) form in the [Co(NH3)6][3+]/(CrO4)[2-] system depending on the counterion of hexaamminecobalt(III), [Co(NH3)6](NO3)3 or [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, respectively. Conversely, it was more difficult to obtain mixed-anion complexes in the [Co(NH3)6][3+]/(Cr2O7)[2-] system. Thus, to obtain [Co(NH3)6](Cr2O7)Cl·H2O an excess of chloride ions in the solution is required. At the same time, when the initial dichromate solution is acidified, the complex [Co(NH3)6]2(Cr2O7)3·5H2O is formed, exhibiting structural polymorphism: the crystal structure changes without altering the chemical composition when stored in a closed container. The process of thermal decomposition of all synthesized complex compounds in an inert atmosphere has been studied. The final product of the thermolysis of most compounds at a temperature of 600 °C is a nanoscale single-phase solid solution Co(Co1-xCrx)2O4 with a spinel structure (with crystallite sizes of no more than 15 nm), where the metal ratio corresponds to that of the initial complex salt. The smallest crystallite size (3-4 nm) was obtained through the thermolysis of [Co(NH3)6](CrO4)Cl.

The development of eco-friendly nanofertilizers offers a sustainable strategy to improve crop productivity. In this study, the marine macroalga Codium decorticatum was employed as a green reducing and stabilizing agent for the biosynthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs), and their agronomic potential was evaluated in Vigna radiata and Vigna mungo. The synthesized MgO NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, and EDX, confirming the formation of crystalline, phase-pure nanoparticles. XRD analysis revealed a cubic crystalline structure with an average crystallite size of 28 nm, while FE-SEM showed spherical to irregular nanoparticles with an average size of 38 nm. Seed priming and foliar application of MgO NPs (5-160 mg L[-1]) demonstrated a concentration-dependent response. The optimum concentration of 20 mg L[-1] significantly enhanced seed germination (87% in V. radiata and 84% in V. mungo), chlorophyll content, biomass, and yield. At this concentration, V. radiata produced 40 pods plant[-1] (40 g), whereas V. mungo produced 38 pods plant[-1] (38 g). In contrast, concentrations ≥80 mg L[-1] reduced growth and yield, indicating phytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that C. decorticatum-mediated MgO NPs represent an effective and sustainable nanofertilizer for improving legume productivity while reducing reliance on conventional agrochemical inputs.

Bone fractures are increasing globally, and the limitations of traditional grafts have encouraged the development of advanced biomaterial-based strategies for bone repair. In this study, we developed an injectable alginate/polyaniline (Alg/PANI) hydrogel containing green-synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs). The Alg/PANI/NPs scaffold exhibited favorable cytocompatibility and bioactivity, enhancing osteoblast-like cell viability/proliferation to 115.7% by day 3 and reducing hemolysis to 4.67%, indicating improved hemocompatibility. In addition, the scaffold was associated with macrophage polarization toward the pro-healing M2 phenotype, supported by morphological changes and increased TGF-β1 expression. It also established a regenerative microenvironment associated with enhanced antioxidant status, including a 2.5-fold increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, a 65% reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA), and a 2.1-fold increase in nitric oxide (NO) levels. Overall, these findings indicate that the Alg/PANI/NPs hydrogel is a promising multifunctional biomaterial that supports regenerative responses through immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and cytocompatible effects.

Self-curing polymethyl methacrylate is widely used for provisional restorations, retainers and denture repairs, but its lack of antibacterial activity favors bacterial colonization. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles exhibit broad antibacterial effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species. This study evaluated the influence of mechanochemically synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of self-curing polymethyl methacrylate and on its antibacterial activity against Actinomyces israelii, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Eikenella corrodens and Fusobacterium nucleatum sensu stricto. Nanoparticles (1, 3 and 5 wt%) were incorporated into the polymer powder and polymerized. Flexural strength, elastic modulus, water sorption and solubility were determined. Antibacterial activity was assessed in broth cultures and quantified by optical density at 595 nm, with viability confirmed on agar. Nanoparticle incorporation provided in vitro antibacterial activity while partially reducing mechanical strength. These results suggest a targeted use of modified polymethyl methacrylate for applications prioritizing.

Mosquito-transmitted affliction represents a global health threat. Eco-friendly, biodegradable, and target-specific phytochemical larvicides are much needed. Therefore, the study aims to develop a metal-organic framework for next-generation nano-larvicides using plant extract essential oils. Essential oils of Catharanthus roseus, Coriandrum sativum, Dodonaea viscosa, Eucalyptus globulus, Lantana camara, Leucas aspera, Parthenium hysterophorus, and Vitex negundo were extracted, and assessed for their larvicidal potential against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Among them, E. globulus derived EO (EG-EO) showed good efficacy and further to enhance its bioavailability, stability, and to improve the larvicidal activity, a nanoformulation hybrid system of Magnesium oxide and Yttrium oxide (MgO-Y2O3) nanoparticles (EG-HY) was formulated and studied against 3rd and 4[th]instar larvae of the dengue, filariasis, and malaria vectors larvae at different concentrations (12.5 to 100 ppm). Interestingly, hybrid nanoemulsion showed 100% mortality with LC50 values of 14.37 ppm (Ae. aegypti), 21.90 ppm (An. stephensi), and 19.47 ppm (Cx. quinquefasciatus), respectively. GC--MS revealed bioactive compounds like dihydrocarveol (4.27%), and isopulegol (3.23%); indicating the presence of terpenoids, responsible for larvicidal activity. FTIR, and UV-Vis confirmed the functional moiety, and successful formulation of EG-HY, respectively. HRSEM, and TEM image showed uniform dispersion of nano-emulsion. The mean droplet size of the prepared EG-HY was 91.84 nm, with a PDI of 1.00. Toxicity assessment using zebrafish model revealed good tolerance at lower concentrations, while higher concentrations affected hatching and development. Overall, these findings concluded that EG-HY act as promising and effective natural larvicides with concentration-dependent toxicity towards non-target organisms.

This study developed a dental composite resin incorporating KH-570-modified magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) and methacryloxypropyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (MAP-POSS), and evaluated its microstructure, physicochemical properties, antibacterial activity, and in vitro cytocompatibility. MgONPs were surface-modified with 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570), and composite resin specimens containing 2 wt% modified MgONPs with gradient additions of MAP-POSS were prepared, using a commercial composite resin as the control. Filler structure and modification were characterized by XRD and FTIR, and the composite resins were analyzed by SEM and FTIR. Depth of cure, Vickers hardness, water sorption, solubility, compressive strength, and flexural strength were measured. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against planktonic Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) using the film contact method, and cytotoxicity was assessed using the CCK-8 assay with L-929 fibroblasts. Among the tested formulations, the specimen containing 4 wt% MAP-POSS and 2 wt% modified MgONPs exhibited the densest microstructure, the highest degree of conversion (83.03%), the greatest depth of cure and mechanical properties, a moderate reduction in viable planktonic S. mutans (R = 1.16), and no obvious cytotoxic response under the tested conditions. These results indicate that the combination of MAP-POSS and silane-modified MgONPs may be a feasible strategy for achieving balanced mechanical reinforcement and antibacterial functionality in dental composite resins.

Microbial dolostones that now form the Arkaroola reef, northern Adelaide Rift Complex, and were deposited during the Cryogenian interglacial period, display a wide range of meso-scale stromatolite morphotypes in outcrop. Microcharacterisation involving optical microscopy, combined scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS), was undertaken to identify microbial textures and relics in stromatolite samples. Microbial textures identified are micritic streaky and micropeloidal (grumous) microstructures as well as microcolumns, micritic threads and micritised tubular outlines resembling the Girvanella calcimicrobe. Within these microbial textures, multiple biotic components are discerned, including intact and flattened tubular bacterial sheaths, smooth and nanogranular non-crystalline extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), filamentous and spherical bacteriomorphs, as well as coccobacilli-like moulds. The biotic-mineralogical interface is characterised by microcrystalline rhombic dolomite, nano-sized pyrite spheroids and nano-sized flaky silicates in direct contact with biotic components. Interpreted as a mixed community of filamentous and coccoidal (cyano)bacteria, these microbes were important contributors to reef building. Preservation of microfossils was likely facilitated by synsedimentary silicification of EPS and bacterial sheaths. Microbial metabolic processes lowered kinetic barriers for authigenic precipitation of clay minerals on bacterial surfaces serving as nucleation sites. These synsedimentary clays strengthened initially soft microfabrics and potentially helped establish chemical conditions that promoted early diagenetic precipitation of protodolomite. The findings of this study show that carbonates may intricately preserve microfossils where associated with synsedimentary authigenic clays and microcrystalline dolomite. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the formation and growth of microbial reefs during the Cryogenian interglacial period.

Oil-based drilling cuttings (OBDC) are hazardous waste with substantial resource potential, yet their high sulfur content poses serious environmental risks and compromises the product quality of pyrolysis products. This study investigated the migration and transformation mechanisms of sulfur compounds in the catalytic pyrolysis of OBDC using CaO, MgO, and Fe2O3, focusing on the effects of pyrolysis temperature (400-600 °C) and catalyst loading (2-10 wt%). Results found that sulfur in the raw OBDC was predominantly organic (84.32%), with thiophenic sulfur accounting for the largest fraction (40.14%). Increasing pyrolysis temperature promoted sulfur release into the gas and liquid phases, and H2S and SO2 emissions increased markedly at 600 °C. The three metal oxides regulated sulfur distribution in distinct ways. Fe2O3 and CaO promoted sulfur retention in the solid residues by capturing sulfur-containing intermediates to form stable metal sulfides, thereby lowering the sulfur content of the oil and gas fractions, whereas MgO facilitated sulfur migration into the liquid phase while suppressing SO2 emissions. Higher Fe2O3 and CaO loadings effectively reduced H2S release, with Fe2O3 demonstrating greater desulfurization activity than CaO. At 10 wt% loading, Fe2O3 achieved 81.12% solid-phase sulfur retention and reduced liquid-phase sulfur by 13.41% at 500°C, outperforming CaO (80.38% and 11.04%, respectively). XPS and XRD analyses confirmed that the metal oxides accelerated thiophene ring decomposition and promoted the conversion of organic sulfur to inorganic sulfides and sulfates. A systematic comparison revealed that the solid-phase sulfur-fixation capacity follows the order Fe2O3 > CaO > MgO for solid-phase retention, while MgO was the most effective for SO2 suppression. These findings clarify the sulfur evolution pathways during OBDC catalytic pyrolysis and provide a theoretical basis for the clean and high-value utilization of OBDC using low-cost metal oxide catalysts.

Spinel ferrite-catalyzed Fenton and Fenton-like advanced oxidation processes are emerging as a practical route for removing persistent organic pollutants from water, yet its selectivity, by-product formation, and scale-up behavior remain insufficiently resolved. This review consolidates recent advances in the activation of oxidants using hydrogen peroxide, peroxymonosulfate, and peroxydisulfate, and links operating conditions to the dominant oxidation pathways. It distinguishes regimes in which hydroxyl or sulfate radicals prevail from conditions that favor singlet oxygen generation or direct surface electron transfer, emphasizing the roles of pH, background anions, and matrix scavengers in controlling the kinetics and transformation profiles. Progress in catalyst development is centered on iron-rich spinels of the general composition MFe2O4, in which defect engineering, lattice symmetry modulation, and targeted doping tune Fe[2+] to Fe[3+] cycling and oxygen vacancy density, thereby regulating oxidant activation. Hybrid designs that couple spinels with carbon supports or semiconductor junctions enhance charge transport and enable visible-light-driven photo-Fenton operation. Durability is addressed through operando characterization of leaching, phase evolution, and surface restructuring, as well as magnetic recovery strategies that support reuse. Reactor perspectives highlight the shift from slurry testing to continuous configurations, including fixed beds, monoliths, and adsorption oxidation composites, supported by optimized oxidant dosing and hydrodynamics to mitigate mass-transfer limits and suppress halogenated by-products in chloride-rich waters. Key transformation patterns and ecotoxicity concerns are summarized, and priorities are proposed for standardized by-product reporting, durability metrics, and pilot-scale validation across variable influent chemistries.

Polyhedral MgMn2O4 nanozymes were synthesized through a solvothermal route followed by high-temperature calcination. Their particle size and morphology were precisely tailored by varying the precursor concentration. Decreasing the precursor dosage reduced the particle size from approximately 3 μm to 1 μm while simultaneously transforming the morphology from bispherical aggregates into well-defined polyhedra, accompanied by a gradual decrease in crystallinity. The optimized polyhedral MgMn2O4 nanozymes exhibited pronounced intrinsic oxidase-like activity, directly catalyzing the oxidation of colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue oxidized TMB (TMBox) without the addition of exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Exploiting this intrinsic catalytic activity, an intelligent colorimetric sensing platform was developed for the sensitive determination of epinephrine in human urine. The proposed platform exhibited a linear detection range of 10-100 μM with limits of detection of 0.382 μM (UV-vis), 0.365 μM (smartphone RGB), 0.431 μM (smartphone grayscale), and 0.289 μM (SERS). Owing to its excellent stability, high sensitivity, and outstanding selectivity, the integrated sensing platform demonstrates considerable potential for practical point-of-care biosensing applications.

Zinc aluminium hydrotalcite (ZnAl-LDH) based photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes show considerable promise for pollutant degradation. Yet, the specific role of surface hydroxyl groups in the reaction mechanism-particularly with regard to environmental and ecological risk control-remains inadequately understood. This study systematically explores the function of surface hydroxyl groups on ZnAl-LDH in the photoactivation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). A surface-hydroxyl-rich ZnAl-LDH was synthesized using a simple and scalable coprecipitation approach. The material demonstrated exceptional PMS activation performance and a distinctive non-radical pathway, enabling complete photocatalytic degradation of nitenpyram (NTP) within 5 min under low PMS concentrations. Surface hydroxyls were found to be crucial in the activation process, acting as both adsorption sites for PMS and catalytic centers for its activation. Notably, the developed oxidation system exhibited marked environmental and ecological benefits, representing a green and low-carbon technology. Zebrafish assays, wheatgrass growth tests, and full life-cycle assessments consistently confirmed its eco-friendly efficacy. Ultimately, this work underscores the dual advantage of surface hydroxyl groups as active sites in catalytic oxidation: they facilitate the activation process while ensuring minimal environmental impact.