Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a microdeletion within chromosome 22q13.3 1-6, and accounts for ~1-3% of cases of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Individuals with PMS typically present with neonatal hypotonia, severe speech delay, intellectual disability, motor impairments, and autism-related features, although additional manifestations such as epilepsy, sleep disturbances, and developmental regression are common. As in ASD, there is considerable heterogeneity in cognitive and behavioral impairments in PMS, making it difficult to determine which features arise directly from SHANK3/Shank3 deficiency and how deficits manifest across development. In the present study, we transferred the targeted Shank3 mutation, previously characterized on the Sprague Dawley background, onto the Long-Evans strain and performed a longitudinal behavioral assessment of Shank3-deficient rats from infancy to adulthood. The rats were evaluated for delays in early sensory and motor development, and ultrasonic vocalizations as neonates, social behavior, short term memory and gait as juveniles, and cognitive-executive dysfunction using a touchscreen-based visual discrimination and reversal learning task as adults. Despite profound reductions and/or complete loss of Shank3 protein expression, heterozygous and homozygous male and female rats showed normal physical and neurological reflexes across development, yet female Shank3 knockout pups showed a selective reduction in distress-associated ultrasonic vocalizations. As juveniles, subtle abnormalities emerged in short-term memory and limb coordination, while social preference for novelty and recognition was normal. Prominent behavioral abnormalities were observed in adults characterized by rapid and error-prone responding to visual stimuli during discrimination learning and reversal. These data suggest that rats with complete or partial Shank3 deficiency produce a selective behavioral profile in which high-order cognitive dysfunction is more pronounced than deficits in basic sensorimotor or select social behaviors. More broadly, these findings highlight executive dysfunction as a key consequence of the loss of Shank3. For the first time, we report the loss of Shank3 expression on a Long-Evans background strain as a valuable translational tool for investigating cognitive dysfunction and therapeutic windows in Shank3-associated disorders.

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing peroxymonosulfate (PMS) are increasingly deployed for water disinfection, yet their impact on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remains poorly understood. Here, we conducted field surveys in three aquaculture ponds in eastern China and employed a Transwell-based horizontal gene transfer (HRT) sorting assay, metagenomics, and transcriptomics to investigate the underlying mechanisms. We found that PMS-treated waters harbored significantly higher intracellular ARG burdens compared to untreated or chlorinated systems. Mechanistically, the ubiquitous humic acid (HA) acts as a selective radical scavenger, protecting bacteria from lethal oxidative damage while stimulating type IV pilus-mediated uptake of extracellular ARGs. This interaction redirects HGT from conjugation toward natural transformation. Crucially, this protective effect is oxidant-specific: HA effectively quenches PMS-derived radicals but provides no defense against direct electrophilic attack by chlorine. Furthermore, predation experiments using Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrate that this "sheltering effect" facilitates the accumulation of ARGs in nematodes, decoupling resistance acquisition from oxidative stress intensity. These findings highlight a critical risk pathway in which some water treatment chemicals can promote the spread of resistance, necessitating a reassessment of oxidant selection based on their specific chemical mechanisms.

Norfloxacin (NOR), a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is increasingly detected in aquatic environments. Herein, pine-needle biomass was valorized into B-, N-, and S-doped biochars for adsorption-oxidation coupled NOR removal via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Systematic comparison showed that sulfur-doped biochar (SBC) exhibited the best overall performance for NOR removal and PMS activation. Structure-activity analysis revealed that the enhanced performance of SBC was closely associated with defect-rich structures and thiophene-S species. Kinetic analysis demonstrated a clear synergy between adsorption and catalytic oxidation. Under the optimal conditions, the SBC/PMS system achieved 93.2% NOR removal at an initial NOR concentration of 50 mg L-1. Quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, DPBF probing, and electrochemical analyses consistently indicated that singlet oxygen (1O2) was the dominant reactive species. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry suggested that NOR degradation mainly proceeded through piperazine-ring opening, defluorination, and quinolone-ring cleavage. In addition, TOC analysis and toxicity prediction indicated the enhanced mineralization capability and reduced ecological risk of the SBC/PMS system. Density functional theory calculations further supported the key roles of defect-rich structures and thiophene-S in PMS activation. This work highlights the potential of pine-needle waste as a sustainable biochar precursor and provides insight into the heteroatom-regulated design of biochar-based PMS activators for antibiotic-contaminated water treatment.

Efficient purification in complex waters requires catalytic membranes with high selectivity and interference resistance, a need addressed by nanoconfinement through steering reactive species toward nonradical oxidation. Herein, a cobalt-nickel layered double hydroxide (CoNi-LDH) catalyst was synthesized via hydrothermal conversion of a CoNi metal-organic framework self-sacrificing template and deposited onto a ceramic substrate. In a continuous flow-through system with peroxymonosulfate (PMS), the membrane achieved 97.6% sulfadiazine degradation. The nanoconfined effect increased the pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant of sulfadiazine degradation to 4.916 s-1, three orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional batch system (2.433 × 10-3 s-1). Mechanistic investigation showed that the O-O bond heterolysis of PMS generated high-valent cobalt-oxygen species as the dominant reactive species, endowing high resistance and oxidation selectivity. The degradation efficiencies exceeding 95% for various organic micropollutants and performed stably in actual surface water and secondary effluent. It also exhibited permeate flux recovery efficiency exceeding 80% after multiple cycles of cleaning and fouling caused by humic acid, indicating excellent antifouling properties. This work provides a theoretical foundation and instructive demonstration for nonradical catalytic membrane reactors toward practical water treatment.

The widespread deployment of Fenton-like advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in water remediation remains severely constrained by low oxidant utilization efficiency and a narrow operating pH window. Micro- and nanobubbles (MNBs) possess large specific interfacial areas, prolonged aqueous residence, charged gas-liquid interfaces, and pronounced interfacial enrichment capacity, offering a promising strategy to enhance Fenton-like reaction efficiency through interfacial regulation. This review systematically examines the physicochemical properties of MNBs and their synergistic coupling with Fenton-like systems, and categorizes integrated reactor configurations into bubbling reactors, hydrodynamic cavitation/Venturi reactors, and electrically driven MNB reactors. Currently, most MNB-Fenton systems are confined to bench-scale batch operations, with limited continuous-flow validation to support engineering scale-up. Across nine within-study comparisons, seven kobs enhancement factors were 1.2-6.7, whereas two larger values were partly attributable to slow PMS-alone controls. Paired studies further showed approximately 10-18 percentage-point increases in TOC removal. One NB/Cl[-]/PMS study also reported a 25%-33% reduction in PMS dosage. The observed enhancement is associated with recurring interfacial enrichment and intensified transport, whereas changes in oxidant activation, electron-transfer processes, and pollutant speciation are system dependent. This review delineates the advantages and current bottlenecks of existing MNB-Fenton platforms, providing guidance for the scalable design of advanced water treatment technologies tailored to complex water matrices.

Pharmaceutical contamination of water and rising atmospheric CO2 are defining environmental burdens, yet are almost always addressed separately, even though semiconductor photoexcitation generates oxidizing holes and reducing electrons capable of addressing both. This work aimed to develop a single catalyst coupling peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-activated antibiotic degradation with piezo-photocatalytic CO2 reduction. A quaternary-doped Ni0.94Fe0.02Zr0.02Nd0.02O1-ᵨ (NFZNO)/g-C3N4 QDs/NiMoO4 (NGN) heterojunction was prepared by ultrasonic-assisted wet impregnation and characterized by XRD, FTIR, HR-TEM, XPS and EIS, supported by DFT calculations. Under visible light with PMS activation, NGN removed 98.73% of tetracycline hydrochloride within 40 min and achieved 63.2% mineralisation after 300 min; scavenging experiments identified •OH and SO4•[-] as the principal oxidants, while LC-MS and ECOSAR analyses showed the degradation intermediates to become progressively less toxic. Response surface optimization predicted 97.96% removal. The same material reduced CO2 to CH4 at 472.08 μmol g[-1] h[-1] under coupled ultrasonic and visible-light excitation, a 2.72-fold gain over photocatalysis alone, with CH4 accounting for more than 98.5% of the electrons consumed under all conditions examined; [13]CO2 labelling confirmed the carbon source. That selectivity remained unchanged across a 2.7-fold change in turnover, indicating that the piezoelectric field enhances carrier flux rather than altering product branching. These results show that oxidative water treatment and reductive CO2 valorization can both be driven by a single bifunctional catalyst.

Spinel cobalt oxide (Co3O4) has the ability to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for pollutant degradation, but agglomeration and poor active sites of pure Co3O4 limit its efficiency, even its mechanism is ambiguous. Herein, coal gangue (CG)-derived molecular sieve (CGMS) was prepared via an alkali fusion-hydrothermal method and the Co3O4/CGMS composite was fabricated by a simple calcination process. Co3O4/CGMS was utilized to activate PMS for methylene blue (MB) degradation. Under optimized conditions, 95.29% of MB was removed within 21 min in the Co3O4/CGMS-PMS system, outperforming the pristine Co3O4-PMS and CGMS-PMS systems. the catalyst also delivered excellent stability and reusability with MB removal efficiency over 90% after five cycles. Quenching experiments and EPR analysis indicated that [1]O2 played the dominant role in MB degradation with the assistance of •OH, SO4•[-] and O2•[-] during the oxidation process. More importantly, Co3O4/CGMS can also degrade Acid Orange G, Rhodamine B, and Methyl Orange, confirming its ability to purify water. Electrochemical tests and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirm that Co3O4/CGMS with the promoted Co[2+]/Co[3+] redox, and oxygen-vacancy generation. These synergistic structural and catalytic effects collectively endowed Co3O4/CGMS with exceptional capabilities for PMS activation to remove organic dyes. This work not only provides a feasible strategy for converting coal gangue into functional catalytic materials, but also offers insight into PMS activation over supported cobalt-based catalysts.

SnS is a low-cost and environmentally benign semiconductor for photocatalysis and piezocatalysis, but its direct use for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation remains limited. Here, we develop a facile Fe substitution strategy to construct atomically dispersed Fe‒S in SnS nanostructures (Fe-SnS) for efficient PMS activation. The catalytic activity shows a volcano-shaped dependence on Fe incorporation, with 5% Fe-SnS (Fe/Sn molar ratio of 4.63%) giving the optimal performance, achieving efficient acetaminophen (APAP) removal with a rate constant of 1.23 min[‒1], which is 3.84 and 176-fold higher than those of SnS and commercial SnS, respectively. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals a site-dependent activation mechanism in which Sn sites directly coordinate with O in PMS. Density functional theory calculations further show that Fe incorporation induces local electronic redistribution around neighboring Sn sites and enhances the Sn-PMS interfacial interaction. Fe incorporation also attenuates the negative surface charge of SnS, further facilitating PMS interaction. Mechanism studies revealed that APAP degradation proceeds via sulfate and hydroxyl radical-dominated pathway. These findings clarify the distinct roles of host Sn and atomically dispersed Fe sites in PMS activation.

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely used in modern agriculture to ensure crop yields; however, their high chemical stability and environmental persistence pose significant risks to human health and ecosystems through food chain bioaccumulation. Traditional detection methods, such as chromatography and immunoassays, are often limited by high instrumental costs, complex sample pretreatment, and lengthy procedures, while conventional degradation strategies suffer from poor selectivity and harsh reaction conditions. Herein, we report a bifunctional nanozyme system that integrates polyvinylpyrrolidone-modified copper nanoclusters (PVP-CuNCs) with MnO2 nanosheets to achieve simultaneous dual-mode detection and catalytic degradation of OPs. The fluorescence mode exploits the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition mechanism, in the presence of OPs, thiocholine (TCh) production is suppressed, preserving the MnO2-mediated fluorescence quenching of PVP-CuNCs, whereas in OPs-free conditions, TCh reduces MnO2 to Mn[2+], leading to fluorescence recovery. Concurrently, the colourimetric mode utilises the intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of the composite to catalyse the oxidation of 3, 3', 5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), enabling rapid visual readout. This dual-mode approach offers complementary signal validation, achieving detection limits as low as 0.06 nM (fluorescence) and 1.3 nM (colorimetry) across a broad linear range. Furthermore, the PVP-CuNCs@MnO2 composite efficiently activates peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to generate reactive oxygen species, enabling approximately 99.8% degradation of OPs within 12 min under ambient conditions. By bridging on-site detection with rapid catalytic remediation in a single platform, this integrated system provides a cost-effective, efficient, and sustainable solution for ensuring food safety and environmental remediation.

Tetracycline (TC) is a widely used antibiotic that is frequently detected in rivers, lakes and wastewater. Because TC is poorly removed by conventional biological treatment, its residues can harm aquatic organisms and promote the spread of antibiotic resistance; efficient and low-cost technologies for removing TC from water are therefore needed. In this study, copper smelting slag (CSS), an abundant industrial solid waste, was converted into a catalyst composed of Fe3O4 particles loaded on mesoporous silica (denoted Fe3O4@MS) via an alkali fusion-hydrothermal method. The catalyst was used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS), forming the Fe3O4@MS/PMS treatment system for the degradation of TC in aqueous solution. The effects of the main operating parameters (catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, initial pH and reaction temperature) on TC degradation were systematically evaluated. Under the optimized conditions (catalyst 0.5 g/L, PMS 1.0 mmol/L, initial pH 6.5, 25 °C), the Fe3O4@MS/PMS system removed 98.70% of 50 mg/L TC within 60 min. Radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis revealed that TC was degraded through both radical pathways (hydroxyl •OH, sulfate SO4[•-] and superoxide O2[•-] radicals) and a non-radical pathway involving singlet oxygen ([1]O2), with •OH being the dominant reactive species. Nine degradation intermediates were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), based on which three degradation pathways were proposed. Toxicity estimation indicated that ring-opening and deamination reactions are the key steps for detoxification. In addition, a life cycle assessment (LCA) across five selected impact categories identified the main environmental burdens associated with catalyst production. Overall, this work demonstrates that CSS-derived Fe3O4@MS is an efficient, low-cost and sustainable catalyst for PMS-based antibiotic removal from water, offering a circular-economy approach that couples solid-waste valorization with clean water production.

Aquatic antibiotic pollution represented by ofloxacin (OFX) causes serious ecological hazards and endangers public health due to the high persistence and bioaccumulation of antibiotic residues. Conventional water treatment techniques are insufficient for OFX elimination, limited by low removal efficiency, high energy consumption, and poor operational stability. Herein, a novel MoS2/CuS heterojunction composite was fabricated via a hydrothermal method and applied to an ultrasound-driven piezocatalysis-coupled peroxymonosulfate (PMS) advanced oxidation system for OFX wastewater remediation. The introduction of CuS effectively remedies the inherent shortcomings of pristine MoS2, including insufficient active sites and rapid photogenerated carrier recombination. The constructed heterojunction induces a strong interfacial built-in electric field, which significantly accelerates the migration of piezoelectric charges. The synergistic photo-piezoelectric effect further promotes continuous PMS activation and facilitates the massive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The influences of key operating parameters and common water inorganic anions on OFX degradation performance were systematically investigated. Radical trapping experiments confirmed the synergistic mechanism between piezocatalysis and PMS activation during the catalytic reaction. The optimized MoS2/CuS heterojunction exhibits remarkable OFX degradation efficiency and excellent cyclic stability. This work provides a feasible strategy for the rational design and fabrication of high-efficiency piezocatalysts and offers a promising technical route for the remediation of refractory antibiotic wastewater via piezocatalysis-coupled PMS advanced oxidation.

Objectives: To characterize the clinical and genetic features of Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) in a Chinese prenatal and postnatal cohort, explore genotype-phenotype correlations, and provide evidence to support prenatal genetic counseling. Methods: G-banded karyotyping, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays (SNP arrays), copy number variation sequencing, and trio whole-exome sequencing were used for genetic diagnosis. Fifteen patients with PMS (11 prenatal and 4 postnatal) were retrospectively enrolled. Genomic visualization, protein structural prediction, and phenotypic heatmap analyses were conducted to analyze genotype-phenotype associations. Results: The prenatal and postnatal detection rates of PMS were 0.061% and 0.49%, respectively. Only 13.3% of cases were detected by karyotyping, whereas 14 cases were confirmed by SNP array analysis. All 22q13 deletions (69.4 kb-8.5 Mb) involved SHANK3, and all copy number variants were de novo. A novel SHANK3 frameshift variant, c.3513_3514delCC, was identified and predicted to result in protein truncation leading to intellectual disability. Prenatal cases mainly presented non-specific ultrasound anomalies (63.6%, 7/11), with fetal growth restriction, renal malformations, and cardiovascular defects being the most frequent findings. A notable 36.4% (4/11) of prenatal cases were complicated by missed abortion, whereas postnatal patients showed predominant neurodevelopmental impairments. In our cohort, larger deletions were observed in cases presenting with more extensive multisystem involvement, a pattern that mirrors findings from recent large-cohort studies. central nervous system abnormalities were predominantly linked to SHANK3 haploinsufficiency, while multi-system malformations seemed to correlate with the cumulative loss of multiple genes across the 22q13 region, in keeping with current hypotheses on contiguous gene effects. Conclusions: PMS presents obvious prenatal-postnatal phenotypic heterogeneity. SHANK3 is the core pathogenic gene, and deletion may influence the extent of multisystem involvement. Combined genetic testing can improve the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis and counseling for PMS.

Background: Premenstrual disorders (PMDs), including premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, are common conditions that may substantially affect adolescents' physical and psychological well-being. However, their presentation and management during adolescence are complicated by reproductive-axis maturation, overlap with other medical conditions, and limited adolescent-specific evidence. This review aimed to provide an interdisciplinary perspective on PMDs in adolescents, integrating biological, psychological, developmental, clinical, and sociocultural aspects. Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted. Publications addressing the neuroendocrine and developmental mechanisms, clinical manifestations, psychosocial consequences, diagnosis, and treatment of PMDs were considered, with adolescent-specific evidence prioritized where available. Results: Current evidence suggests that PMDs are associated with altered sensitivity to physiological ovarian steroid fluctuations and their neuroactive effects rather than abnormal circulating hormone concentrations alone. In adolescents, PMDs may present with diverse somatic, affective, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms and are associated with impaired quality of life, school functioning, interpersonal relationships, and psychological well-being. Diagnostic assessment remains challenging because symptoms may overlap with normal pubertal changes and psychiatric disorders. Prospective monitoring of symptom cyclicity and functional impairment is therefore essential. Pharmacological treatments, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and selected combined oral contraceptives, represent important therapeutic options, while psychological, lifestyle, physical activity, and physiotherapeutic interventions may provide additional benefits. However, most treatment evidence is derived from adult populations. Conclusions: PMDs in adolescents should be conceptualized as multidimensional conditions requiring an interdisciplinary approach integrating gynecological, psychiatric, psychological, endocrinological, primary care, and lifestyle perspectives. Greater recognition and developmentally appropriate assessment may facilitate earlier diagnosis and individualized management. Further prospective, adolescent-specific research is needed to clarify the biological and psychosocial determinants of PMDs and establish evidence-based strategies for their multidisciplinary management.