As climate variability and water scarcity intensify, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) has emerged as a key water-saving technology across arid and semiarid regions. However, in practice, the wetted soil volume around each emitter remains close to saturation, disrupting the continuity of the soil gas phase and restricting oxygen diffusion into the root zone. Subsequently, the water and oxygen supplies may compete for the same pore space, which is an intrinsic constraint of SDI. Aerated SDI, particularly systems that use micro- and nanobubbles (MNBs), has shown potential to improve crop yield and water-saving performance, although the effects vary with soil, crop, and management conditions. A unified, cross-scale account of the influence of these engineered gas-liquid inputs on root system architecture (RSA) remodeling remains lacking. Therefore, based on the optimal foraging theory (OFT), we propose an oxygen-mediated root foraging cost framework as a working mechanism hypothesis. This framework treats oxygen not as a growth-promoting factor per se, but as a candidate regulatory variable that may modulate the metabolic cost of root resource acquisition; the sensing-signaling-response chain linking local oxygen gradients to architectural decisions remains to be causally validated. By altering foraging costs, oxygen availability may alter how roots perceive, trade off, and invest in heterogeneous underground resources. Guided by this framework, this review first traces how SDI has evolved technologically, from supplying water through the liquid phase to coupling gas and liquid through MNBs. It then examines how local oxygen gradients may be sensed through upstream oxygen-sensing pathways (including the N-end rule pathway), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and downstream ethylene-auxin interactions, and how these signals may shape patterns of RSA investment under localized SDI conditions, and proposes the root foraging-accessible domain (FAD) as a candidate concept for evaluating the spatial compatibility between root foraging and the coupled water-oxygen environment. The present evidence supports this conceptual framework, but field-scale causal validation, separation of oxygen effects from confounding factors (nutrients, mechanical impedance, microbial activity), and techno-economic evaluation of aerated SDI remain necessary before the framework can guide irrigation practice.

Defective decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) is an important pathological feature of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Although chemical modifications regulate the stability and functional fate of RNA macromolecules, the role of N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification in controlling specific messenger RNAs during decidualization remains poorly understood. Here, we identified N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10), an RNA acetyltransferase responsible for ac4C modification, as a critical regulator of decidualization. NAT10 was significantly downregulated in decidual stromal cells from patients with RSA, and both genetic depletion and pharmacological inhibition of NAT10 impaired decidualization in HESCs. Integrated RNA sequencing, ac4C RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, and quantitative proteomic analyses identified SCRIB mRNA as a key downstream RNA macromolecule regulated by NAT10-dependent ac4C modification. NAT10 enhanced the ac4C enrichment and stability of SCRIB mRNA, thereby maintaining SCRIB expression during decidualization. Conversely, NAT10 depletion reduced SCRIB mRNA stability and disrupted decidualization-associated cellular function. Rescue experiments further demonstrated that wild-type NAT10, but not the catalytically inactive mutants G641E or K290A, restored SCRIB expression and decidualization in NAT10-deficient HESCs, supporting a requirement for the RNA acetyltransferase activity of NAT10. Restoration of SCRIB expression rescued the decidualization defects caused by NAT10 depletion. Collectively, these findings define a NAT10-ac4C-SCRIB regulatory axis in which ac4C modification determines the stability and functional fate of SCRIB mRNA and provide a macromolecular mechanism underlying defective decidualization in RSA.

Pregnancy is a unique physiological stage characterized by the coordinated remodeling of maternal metabolism, immunity, and endocrine systems. Previous studies have primarily focused on the local uterine microenvironment, neglecting the role of the maternal gut microbiota in mediating distal, cross-organ regulation via the gut-placental axis. The concept of the gut-placental axis was formally proposed in 2018 and has attracted widespread research attention in recent years. Studies using germ-free animals, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and in vitro experiments with human multi-omics cohorts suggest that live gut bacteria generally cannot colonize the placenta, and that soluble microbial metabolites mediate bidirectional signaling between the gut and the placenta. Pregnancy-related factors such as a high-sugar, high-fat diet, antibiotic use, and obesity can induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction, leading to decreased levels of potentially protective metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and tryptophan derivatives, while pro-inflammatory molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) to accumulate in the bloodstream. These substances cross the placental barrier, disrupting maternal-fetal immune homeostasis, inhibiting trophoblast function and spiral artery remodeling, and are statistically associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), preeclampsia (PE), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and spontaneous preterm birth. This article is a narrative review that systematically elucidates the - placental axis for substance transport and the potential molecular mechanisms by which metabolites regulate maternal-fetal immune balance; it maps out the pathological pathways through which microbiota dysbiosis mediates various adverse pregnancy outcomes; it objectively analyzes controversies and gaps in areas such as placental microbial colonization, bidirectional feedback loops, and evidence for clinical interventions; and it proposes a future research framework centered on multi-omics candidate biomarkers and stratified microbiome interventions. Microbial metabolites are promising candidates for non-invasive biomarkers; stratified microbiome interventions are merely potential prevention and control strategies suggested by laboratory and small-scale clinical studies. There is still a lack of unified, standardized clinical protocols, and large-scale, long-term, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to validate their safety and efficacy, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for subsequent mechanistic and translational research on maternal-fetal microbiome interactions.

Drought is a major abiotic constraint on sugarcane production, but systematic multitrait evaluation of drought tolerance remains limited in genetically complex advanced backcross progenies derived from sugarcane × Tripidium arundinaceum. In this study, 100 genotypes, including 93 BC4F1 or BC5F1 progenies and seven parental or control genotypes, were evaluated under a 20 d progressive drought treatment in pots at the seven-leaf stage. Sixteen traits related to root architecture, leaf water status, gas exchange, PSII photochemistry, antioxidant activity, and lipid peroxidation were measured. Drought significantly reduced TRL, RSA, RV, RWC, Pn, Gs, Tr, ΦPSII, and ETR and significantly increased SOD activity and MDA content. Twelve traits with relatively clear and biologically interpretable relationships with drought tolerance were integrated using membership functions and trait weights to calculate an integrated D value. D values ranged from 0.078 to 0.516, and 19, 45, and 36 genotypes were classified into groups with relatively high, moderate, and low drought tolerance within this germplasm collection, respectively. Genotypes 55-109, YCE07-65, 55-43, 211-172, and 91-74 had the highest integrated D values. Within the integrated evaluation framework, higher D values were most strongly associated with RSA, RV, TRL, Pn, ΦPSII, and ETR, while PC1 was strongly correlated with the D value (r = 0.893). Maintenance of root growth and photosynthetic function therefore represented major phenotypic features associated with overall drought tolerance under the present experimental conditions. These features may provide useful criteria for screening drought-tolerant germplasm, but their utility requires validation in independent drought experiments and field environments.

Background/Objectives: No shoulder-specific percentile reference range exists for postoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA); clinicians rely on time-invariant thresholds borrowed from lower-extremity cohorts, and the ESR trajectory is uncharacterized. Methods: We retrospectively studied a single-surgeon registry of elective primary RSA (2018-2026); after predefined exclusions, 214 procedures (206 patients) remained, with no infection events by design. CRP and ESR were measured preoperatively and on postoperative days 2, 5, and 14 (exploratory days 1, 3, 7). We computed empirical 50th-95th percentile curves with bootstrap confidence intervals, supported by mixed-effects, quantile-regression, missingness, and within-patient fold-change analyses. Results: CRP peaked on day 2 (95th percentile 13.33 mg/dL); its day 14 95th percentile returned to, and lay numerically below, the preoperative 95th percentile (1.53 versus 2.34 mg/dL). ESR fell on day 2 (77.8% of procedures at or below their preoperative value), then rose and remained elevated at day 14 (95th percentile 56.00 mm/h); upper percentiles exceeded the 30 mm/h threshold at baseline and from day 3 onward. Conclusions: These curves describe an uncomplicated course rather than validated diagnostic thresholds; they provide a shoulder-specific normative reference and ESR trajectory for RSA, and a benchmark for future infection-event cohorts.

Emotion recognition is a fundamental aspect of social communication, yet most research has focused on visual emotion expressions, leaving it less understood how auditory and audiovisual cues shape perceptual organization. The present study used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to examine how the structure of emotion recognition differs across modalities.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine A (CsA)-containing treatment for recurrent spontaneous abortion/recurrent pregnancy loss (RSA/RPL) through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Database, and VIP were searched from inception to 31 December 2025. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled studies evaluating CsA-containing treatment in women with RSA/RPL were included. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model. The main outcomes were live birth/successful delivery, pregnancy success/fetal protection success, miscarriage using the total enrolled population as the denominator, and maternal adverse events. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. Results: 13 studies involving 1181 participants were included. CsA-containing treatment was associated with a higher live birth/successful delivery rate than control treatment (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.21-1.45). It was also associated with a higher pregnancy success/fetal protection success rate (RR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.22-1.48) and a lower miscarriage rate (RR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.33-0.54). No statistically significant difference in maternal adverse events was observed between the CsA-containing treatment and control groups (RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.43-1.49). The certainty of evidence was rated as low for efficacy outcomes and very low for maternal adverse events. Conclusions: CsA-containing treatment may be associated with improved pregnancy-related outcomes in women with RSA/RPL, including higher live birth/successful delivery and pregnancy success rates and a lower miscarriage rate. However, the certainty of evidence remains limited because of risk of bias, heterogeneous co-interventions, potential publication bias, and insufficient safety reporting. Further high-quality multicenter randomized controlled trials are needed.

Amphibians of the family Phyllomedusidae produce complex cutaneous secretions with ecological and pharmacological relevance. Here, we investigated the skin morphology of Pithecopus oreades and P. azureus and the antioxidant function of the tryptophyllin PaT-2 in microglial cells. Histological and histochemical analyses revealed a conserved glandular organization, with mucous glands rich in neutral mucopolysaccharides and serous glands containing acidic and sulfated polysaccharides, concentrated predominantly in the dorsal and cephalic regions. MALDI mass spectrometry imaging showed that PaT-2 (m/z 696.4) is heterogeneously distributed. A second ion (m/z 1626.8), assigned to a truncated form of a phylloseptin-like antimicrobial peptide, was predominantly localized in limb tissues and partially overlapped with PaT-2, suggesting co-deployment of antioxidant and antimicrobial molecules on the skin. In BV2 microglial cells, menadione (10 µM) induced oxidative stress reflected by increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and higher total glutathione levels, consistent with a compensatory increase in glutathione synthesis. Synthetic PaT-2 (50 µM) was associated with numerically lower GSSG accumulation and a smaller increase in total glutathione when co-administered with menadione, showing no cytotoxicity while demonstrating modulation of endogenous glutathione status. These findings advance the integumentary biology of Pithecopus, suggest differences in peptide distribution between the specimens examined, and extend the antioxidant characterization of PaT-2 to the level of glutathione status, supporting its further investigation as a candidate molecule for oxidative stress-related research.

Childhood trauma is a risk factor for sleep problems. However, the longitudinal relationship between childhood trauma and sleep problems and the mechanism underlying this link remains unclear. The present study explored the longitudinal relation between childhood trauma and sleep problems, and the mediating role of perceived stress and the moderating role of RSA suppression in this link among adolescents. Altogether, 284 adolescents completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire at baseline, the Perceived Stress Scale 1.5 years later, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index at baseline and 1.5 years later, and a speech task during which their data of vagal regulation indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) suppression was obtained at baseline. Results revealed that, after controlling for baseline sleep problems, childhood trauma was positively related to sleep problems 1.5 years later, and perceived stress 1.5 years later mediated this association. RSA suppression moderated the relation between perceived stress and sleep problems among male but not female adolescents. Specifically, perceived stress was positively related to sleep problems among male adolescents with lower RSA suppression, but this association was weaker in those with higher RSA suppression. The findings suggest that perceived stress may represent an important pathway in the longitudinal association between childhood trauma and sleep problems, and male adolescents with lower RSA suppression are more vulnerable to perceived stress and exhibit more sleep problems.