Objective: Sand-dust weather conditions severely reduce visibility and pavement friction on desert expressways, substantially increasing crash risks. Existing early warning systems rely primarily on fixed thresholds and single-modal information, often neglecting driver cognitive and physiological workload. This study aimed to develop and optimize a visibility-adaptive multimodal early warning scheme for desert expressways under sand-dust weather conditions, with a focus on balancing driving safety and human workload.Methods: A high-fidelity driving simulator was used to construct four visibility scenarios: 500, 300, 100, and 50 m, representing typical sand-dust weather conditions on the Wuma Expressway. Thirty-six licensed drivers completed 64 orthogonal test conditions combining variable message signs (VMS), LED linear guidance, and voice navigation. Eye movement, driving behavior, and physiological indices (ECG and EEG) were synchronously collected. ACriteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC)-weighted multidimensional evaluation system was established, incorporating speed compliance, steering stability, heart rate (HR), and EEG β/θ ratio, to screen the optimal scheme via Euclidean distance decision-making.Results: Visibility significantly deteriorated driving performance and elevated workload. The optimal multimodal schemes varied by visibility: 500 m (60 flashes/min LEDs + speed/distance voice); 300-100 m (120 flashes/min LEDs + steering/fog-light voice); 50 m (constant LEDs + operational guidance). Compared with single-modal warnings, the optimized scheme demonstrated statistically significant improvements at 500 m and 300 m visibility (p < 0.0031, Bonferroni-corrected), increasing speed compliance by 10.6 percentage points (to 89.2%), reducing steering angle deviation by 0.005-0.01 rad and lateral acceleration deviation by 0.05-0.1 m/s[2], lowering heart rate by 4.28 bpm, and raising the β/θ ratio by 0.14. At 100 m and 50 m visibility, nonsignificant but directionally consistent trends were observed (p = 0.011 and p = 0.034, respectively; Cohen's d = 0.43 and 0.37), indicating a practical reduction in overall physiological load of approximately 15-20% that warrants further validation under stringent statistical thresholds.Conclusions: The visibility-adaptive multimodal early warning scheme effectively improves driving stability and mitigates driver workload under sand-dust weather conditions. Tiered information delivery and dynamic LED parameters enhance information perception and reduce visual fatigue. The findings offer a cognitive-load-informed framework to guide the parameter tuning of traffic management strategies and safety improvement on desert expressways during extreme sand-dust weather.

The electrochemical upgrading of furfural (FF), a biomass-derived platform molecule, using renewable electricity offers a promising route toward green and sustainable chemical synthesis. However, achieving high selectivity toward hydrogenated products, such as furfuryl alcohol (FA), remains challenging as hydrogenation competes with C─C coupling reactions that generate undesired dimers. In this study, we show that trace sulfide species introduced into the electrolyte dynamically generate Ag─S sites on Ag surfaces during electrolysis, thereby steering the FF reduction reaction toward FA formation. Using Ag disk electrodes, the introduction of 0.5 mM sulfide ions (S[2-]) into the electrolyte increases the Faradaic efficiency (FE) for FA formation from 59% to 88% and enhances its partial current density (jFA) from 5.4 to 12.5 mA cm[-2]. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory simulations collectively reveal that the low-coverage sulfide species on Ag regulate FF adsorption and facilitate proton transfer to the carbonyl oxygen, steering FA formation, while suppressing hydrofuroin (HF) formation by disrupting the Ag ensembles required for C─C coupling. Overall, our findings establish the deliberate introduction of trace sulfide into the electrolyte as a simple and potentially broadly applicable strategy to steer selectivity in the electrochemical hydrogenation of biomass-derived furanic aldehydes.

Axially chiral benzochalcogenophene derivatives bearing sulfur and selenium atoms in their fused cyclic rings were synthesized. Subsequently, their anti-proliferative activity against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and acute myelogenous leukemia cells was evaluated. Optical resolution of these compounds was achieved, and their absolute configurations were determined using X-ray crystallography and CD spectroscopy. Anti-proliferative activity revealed a marked dependence on both axial chirality and the identity of the chalcogen atoms. The benzothiophene derivative (S)-2 potently inhibited the proliferation of all tested cancer cell lines, whereas its enantiomer, (R)-2, displayed weaker activity. In addition, (S)-2 showed stronger anti-proliferative activity than the corresponding selenium analog (S)-1. These results demonstrate that both axial chirality and the nature of the chalcogen atoms affect biological activity. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that (S)-2 induces DNA damage, G2/M-phase arrest, mitotic accumulation, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. These results suggest that (S)-2 is a promising seed compound for the development of novel anticancer agents.

Post-transcriptional transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications dynamically regulate translational capacity, yet whether the tRNA epitranscriptome is temporally coordinated with gene expression programs during bacterial growth remains unknown. Here, we combine time-resolved nanopore tRNA sequencing, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry modification profiling, transcriptomics, and proteomics across the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 growth cycle to show that tRNA-modifying enzymes, the corresponding tRNA modifications, and modification-dependent genes are expressed in a coordinated temporal cascade. GidA-dependent 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (mnm[5]s[2]U) modifications exemplify this program: GidA expression peaks during early growth, followed by rising mnm[5]s[2]U levels coinciding with maximal expression of genes enriched in rare AGA and UUA codons, with a concomitant enrichment of virulence-associated functions. This sequential pattern is consistent with a feedforward architecture in which the modification machinery acts in advance of translational demands. This mechanism is especially relevant for a set of horizontally acquired genes, suggesting that temporally programmed tRNA epitranscriptomic remodeling may help bridge local codon usage deviations between horizontally acquired genes and the core translational context.

The layered material 1T-MoSSe demonstrates enhanced phase stability compared to pristine 1T-MoS2 and 1T-MoSe2. To understand the origin of this improved stability, first-principles calculations were employed, focusing on both electronic structure and bonding characteristics. An isomeric design concept was introduced by substituting selenium (Se) atoms into the MoS6 octahedral repeating unit, enabling the system to adopt different atomic configurations. In particular, the emergence of fac and cis isomers plays a crucial role in modifying the local coordination environment. These isomeric arrangements facilitate Mo-Mo cluster formation, which drives a structural transformation from the ideal octahedral geometry to a skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal (STB) configuration. This rearrangement further induces the formation of the distorted 1T' phase, characterized by a zig-zag chain-like arrangement of Mo atoms. The resulting 1T'-MoSSe structure exhibits pronounced lattice distortion, reflected in a skewed Mo-Mo-Mo angle of 159.25° and significantly shortened bond lengths (Mo-Mo: 2.7518 Å and Mo-S: 2.3538 Å). These values differ notably from those in pristine MoS2 (Mo-S: 2.4118 Å), indicating stronger interatomic interactions and enhanced orbital overlap. This highly distorted lattice and strengthened bonding contribute to the improved stability of the 1T'-MoSSe single layer. Overall, the S/Se position is the key driving force behind the formation of a highly distorted lattice, leading to enhanced bonding interactions and greater phase stability in 1T-MoSSe.

Gravitational artifacts bias Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) signals, complicating applications such as Seismocardiography (SCG). This study aimed to validate a gravity-artifact reduction algorithm using Madgwick orientation estimation in a controlled, physics-based simulation.

Understanding light-activated processes in molecular rotors is essential for applications ranging from energy storage to light-emitting materials. Rotation around single bonds provides an efficient nonradiative decay pathway, leading many molecular rotors to undergo quenching across environments. Nonadiabatic dynamics simulations offer a route to disentangling competing decay channels, but the predicted mechanisms depend sensitively on the level of theory. Here, we examine how different electronic-structure methods shape the topology of conical intersections and, in turn, the photochemical behaviour of sym-triphenylcyclopropene (Ph3C3H), a propeller-shaped rotor exhibiting low-quantum-yield emission from a locally excited state. Using exploratory-based surface-hopping dynamics with TD-CAM-B3LYP, ADC(2), and MRSF-TD-CAM-B3LYP, we characterise the S2-S1 and S1-S0 conical intersections and relate their topographies to the observed decay pathways. Consistent with the underlying potential-energy surfaces, the trajectories computed with ADC(2) evolve to S0 significantly faster than those obtained with TD-CAM-B3LYP and MRSF-TD-CAM-B3LYP. The S2-S1 intersection is peaked and bifurcating, promoting extensive population exchange, particularly for MRSF-TD-CAM-B3LYP. Two distinct S1-S0 intersections are identified: CI1, consistently peaked across CASSCF and all MRSF-TDDFT functionals, and CI2, which is sloped and single-path for all MRSF-TDDFT functionals but appears sloped and bifurcating at the MS-CASPT2 level. Across all methods, CI1 emerges as the dominant decay channel. MRSF-TD-CAM-B3LYP dynamics yield three outcomes: reformation of the initial geometry, formation of a diradical intermediate, and production of the bicyclic photoproduct, reflecting its bifurcating topology and more reliable ground-state description relative to LR-TDDFT. A systematic analysis of exchange-correlation functional dependence within MRSF-TDDFT reveals strong consistency across functionals, with only minor deviations such as the borderline single-path behaviour of BHHLYP and DTCAM-AEE. These findings raise important questions about the reliability, limitations, and future development of black-box excited-state methods for modelling photochemical decay in molecular rotors.

Passenger-centred comfort measures are needed to enable adaptive driving styles in automated vehicles, particularly where comfort begins to decrease. This study examined passengers' head motion during automated braking at a crosswalk. Data from thirty-four participants were analysed, who experienced three deceleration levels (-1.5, -2.5, -3.5 m/s[2]) and two pedestrian visibility conditions, reflecting how quickly the AV braked after the pedestrian appeared, rating comfort respectively. As expected, head pitch and translational acceleration increased with deceleration intensity, while pedestrian visibility had no effect on head motion, even though faster AV responses were previously found more comfortable, suggesting this reflects passengers' judgement of the AV's response rather than head stability. Head-motion measures did not add predictive value beyond vehicle kinematics, likely because comfort ratings were similar across conditions. In this scenario, head-motion mainly reflected physical response to braking rather than subjective evaluation. Future research should test head-motion measures in more complex driving conditions.

Miniaturized real-time ultraviolet (UV) full-Stokes polarimeters hold significant application prospects in deep-space exploration, satellite remote sensing, and astronautics. However, UV's inherently short wavelength, high energy, and strong scattering/absorption properties substantially increase the difficulty of developing polarization elements with both conventional crystals and artificial materials. In this work, we demonstrate a one-snapshot UV full‑Stokes polarimeter based on large‑area disordered calcite crystal films (DCCFs) fabricated by a dry rubbing process and a residual convolutional neural network algorithm. The DCCFs exhibit significant and spatially varying polarization response and can effectively encode the spatial polarization information, while the AI algorithm can achieve high-precision decoding. The detection mean-square error (MSE) at 365 nm can reach about 0.00011 (S1), 0.00045 (S2), and 0.00092 (S3) with the superpixel size of 100 × 100 pixels, which still maintains an acceptable value of approximately 0.0616 even when reducing the superpixel size to as small as 2 × 2 pixels. In addition, the impact of superpixel size, dataset number, noise, and effective pixel number on the polarization detection accuracy has been systematically investigated. Our work provides new strategies for developing high-performance UV polarimeters and polarization imaging devices.

Antifouling paints have been used to control biofouling on submerged surfaces for decades. They contain biocidal compounds that may be released into the environment and harm aquatic ecosystems; however, their effects on tropical organisms are little known. Dichlofluanid, or N-dichlorofluoromethythio-N',N'-dimethyl-N-phenylsulfamide (C9H11Cl2FN2O2S2), is a biocide present in antifouling paints and its toxicity to tropical marine organisms is poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dichlofluanid at the cellular and biochemical levels in bivalves exposed to seawater and sediment contaminated with this biocide, considering sediments with two different concentrations of organic matter. Aqueous-phase tests were performed using the mussel Perna perna, and tests with sediments were performed using the clam Anomalocardia flexuosa. Then, cellular and biochemical biomarkers were analyzed. The neutral red retention time assay (NRRT), a cellular biomarker, was assessed only in mussels, while biochemical biomarkers (DNA damage, LPO, GSH, and activities of GST, GPx, EROD, and AChE) were analyzed in both organisms. Particle size, calcium carbonate content, and organic matter analyses were also conducted on the sediments. At higher concentrations, the NRRT assay showed effects on mussel hemocytes, indicating a loss of lysosomal stability. Mussels also showed changes in the biochemical biomarkers of the digestive glands and gills. In clams exposed to sediment, adverse effects occurred in both organs and were more evident in animals exposed to sediments with higher levels of organic matter. Our study demonstrated that dichlofluanid can affect marine bivalves at realistic environmental concentrations and that organic matter may contribute to dichlofluanid exposure to clams.

Progressive neurodegenerative diseases are often associated with motor symptoms, among which tremor is one of the most debilitating manifestations, significantly compromising daily activities and quality of life. Continuous, non-invasive monitoring of tremor characteristics helps to assess disease progression and optimize treatment strategies. For this reason, wearable measurement systems can provide an objective and non-invasive means for the quantitative characterization and monitoring of tremor-related movements. This study addresses the development of a compact, low-power wearable board for real-time tremor monitoring based on the Nicla Sense ME embedded system. The proposed device performs on-board processing to extract spectral features of movement and wirelessly sends them via Bluetooth Low Energy to a remote host, enabling on-demand visualization or storage of tremor data. The measurement system was technically validated through a comparative experimental protocol based on the simultaneous acquisition of tremor signals using the proposed device and a commercial Shimmer3 IMU as the reference system. The comparison considered both the similarity of the measured spectrograms and the agreement in dominant-frequency estimation. Spectrogram correlation coefficients reached 0.85, with amplitude MAE and RMSE values as low as 0.07 m/s[2] and 0.14 m/s[2], respectively. For dominant-frequency estimation, Pearson correlation coefficients reached 0.99, with MAE and RMSE values as low as 0.17 Hz and 0.20 Hz. These results support the feasibility of the proposed architecture as a practical wearable solution for quantitative hand tremor monitoring.

Electromagnetic vibration and noise issues of converter transformers under harmonic operating conditions have become increasingly prominent. To enable a systematic comparison of different filtering strategies, this paper establishes a multiphysical field coupling model incorporating electromagnetic, structural, and acoustic fields, and systematically investigates four filtering configurations: grid-side LC filtering, valve-side LC filtering, inductive filtering, and valve-side capacitive filtering through theoretical analysis, finite-element simulation, and experimental verification on a 12-pulse laboratory HVDC prototype platform. The simulation results show that the maximum vibration acceleration decreases from 3.06 m/s[2] under the no-filter condition to 1.02 m/s[2] under valve-side capacitive filtering. Experimental measurements further confirm the suppression effect, with the vibration acceleration at Point 8 decreasing from 2.28 m/s[2] to 0.42 m/s[2], corresponding to a reduction of approximately 82%, while the average A-weighted sound pressure level decreases from 66.1 dB to 58.1 dB. These results indicate that vibration and noise suppression cannot be evaluated solely by total harmonic distortion; the attenuation and distribution of individual harmonic components should also be considered. The findings provide a theoretical and engineering basis for the vibration and noise reduction design of converter transformers.

A major significance persists in the construction of cost-effective electrocatalysts possessing both outstanding activity and robust durability for water and urea electrolysis, which is essential for realizing energy-saving hydrogen evolution. However, it is still challenging to explore bifunctional electrocatalysts under ampere-level current density. Herein, we report the construction of a three-phase heterojunction electrocatalyst with bifunctional activity toward both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR), achieved through the deliberate tuning of morphological features and electronic configurations. Through local bonding environment engineering at the heterointerface, the unique heterostructure effectively accelerates electron transfer and interfacial interactions, leading to significantly improved reaction kinetics and intrinsic electrocatalytic activity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the multi-heterostructure promotes electron migration and interfacial coupling via the concerted regulation of the electronic configuration, d-band center position, and density of states (DOS). These modifications collectively lower the chemisorption free energies of reaction intermediates, thereby accelerating the dissociation of both water and urea molecules. As a result, the heterojunction electrocatalyst exhibits ultralow potentials of -0.198 and 1.41 V to reach 1000 mA cm[-2] for HER and UOR, respectively. Notably, when employed as a urea-assisted electrolyzer, the system achieves a cell voltage of 1.58 V at 500 mA cm[-2], which is 200 mV less than that required for conventional water electrolysis. Furthermore, the UOR-HER electrolyzer exhibits robust operational stability, sustaining 500 mA cm[-2] for 100 h without significant degradation. Collectively, this study establishes a novel and practically viable route toward low-energy-consumption hydrogen production.

This study examined how soybean variety influences peptide composition, antioxidant activities, and lipid oxidation inhibition in soy protein hydrolysates (SPH). Protein isolates from eight varieties (SP1-SP8) were hydrolyzed with Alcalase (2% E/S, 2 h), yielding degrees of hydrolysis of 9.68-12.22% and peptide concentrations of 1.07-1.27 mmol NH2/g. Size-exclusion chromatography and LC-MS/MS revealed distinct peptide and molecular-weight profiles, with SP1 and SP4 enriched in the 300-1000 Da. In silico analysis using AnOxPePred selected 20 peptides, among which His-Phe showed the highest predicted free radical-scavenging (0.488) and metal-chelating (0.311) potentials. SP1 and SP4 were enriched in His-Phe and Arg-Phe and displayed superior performance, including stronger DPPH scavenging, Cu[2+] chelation, and inhibition of lipid oxidation. By contrast, SP6 exhibited pronounced Fe[2+] chelation but comparatively weak overall antioxidant efficacy. The findings demonstrate that varietal selection can markedly modulate the lipid oxidation-mitigating properties of SPH.