Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measurements are widely used to detect antithyroid effects in rodent toxicity studies. However, the assays used to measure these hormones are costly and highly variable depending on the blood sampling and measurement conditions. We previously demonstrated that histopathological evaluation detects the effects of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) inhibitors and thyroid hormone metabolism promoters more sensitively than serum hormone measurements. Here, we examined whether this approach can also improve early detection of antithyroid chemicals that inhibit iodide uptake, an essential step in thyroid hormone synthesis. We compared histopathological and immunohistochemical findings with serum hormone measurements in 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (five per group) administered ammonium perchlorate (APC) or potassium thiocyanate (PTC) in drinking water for 28 days. Serum T4 decreased at 1000 ppm APC and 5000 ppm PTC, T3 decreased at 1000 ppm APC, and TSH increased at ≥ 100 ppm APC. In contrast, follicular cell hypertrophy was detected at ≥ 10 ppm APC and 5000 ppm PTC, indicating greater sensitivity compared with serum hormone measurements. Decreased T3 and T4 immunostaining showed a sensitivity comparable with that of serum hormone changes, whereas thyroid sodium/iodide symporter (NIS)-immunopositive areas increased at doses that produced no detectable changes in serum hormone levels, suggesting that NIS immunostaining represents the most sensitive marker of iodide uptake inhibition. These results suggest that combining histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses enables sensitive detection of antithyroid effects and provides mechanistic information that cannot be obtained from serum hormone measurements alone.

We report a visible-light-driven, metal-free iodination of arenes using aryldibenzothiophenium (Ar-DBT) salts and potassium iodide. This transformation operates efficiently under air with KI as the optimized iodide source, forming an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex that generates aryl radicals upon visible-light irradiation. This protocol exhibits broad functional group tolerance across electronically diverse arenes, heterocycles, and sterically congested substrates. Notably, the synthetic utility of this protocol is demonstrated through the late-stage diversification of a wide array of structurally complex bioactive, agrochemical molecules, and functional molecules, as well as the efficient synthesis of dihalogenated xantphos derivatives.

Chemical dosimetries are widely used to characterize acoustic cavitation, yet their signals are often treated as interchangeable measures of a single radical yield. The unresolved question is whether differences among these signals remain as fixed assay-specific offsets or change systematically when acoustic power is varied. Here, power-response fingerprinting (PRF) is introduced as a probe-aware framework for comparing how chemically distinct reporters respond to the same calorimetrically measured power perturbation. At 585 kHz, the dissipated acoustic power was 9.65, 38.0, and 79.0 W, and the corresponding responses were quantified using potassium iodide (KI/I3[-]), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Fricke (Fe3[+]), and 4-nitrophenol hydroxylation to 4-nitrocatechol (4-NC). An 8.19-fold increase in calorimetric power increased the formation rates by only 5.13-fold for KI, 5.67-fold for H2O2, 3.06-fold for Fricke, and 3.12-fold for 4-NC, giving descriptive global power exponents of 0.74, 0.80, 0.49, and 0.51, respectively. Energy normalization revealed a complementary productivity-efficiency trade-off: at 79 W, the responses per joule retained only 0.63, 0.69, 0.37, and 0.38 of their 9.65 W values, and the largest decrease occurred between 9.65 and 38 W. At the common high-power generator setting, Ar increased H2O2 accumulation to 1.88 times the unsparged-water rate, whereas N2 reduced it to 0.16 times that rate. The matched response vector therefore shows that acoustic power changes the relative expression of measurable sonochemical channels rather than uniformly amplifying a universal cavitation output. PRF separates chemical productivity from energy-specific performance without treating chemically different assays as stoichiometrically equivalent.

When vascular tissues are damaged, plants induce site-specific formation of vascular stem cells that proliferate and differentiate into xylem and phloem, restoring vascular continuity. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are rapidly generated at wound sites in response to damage. However, the role of ROS during vascular regeneration remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of ROS using an Arabidopsis inflorescence stem incision model and the vascular cell induction culture system (VISUAL). During tissue reunion of incised inflorescence stems, scavenging ROS with potassium iodide (KI) suppressed the proliferation of cambial cell layers. Consistently, the expression of cambium- and xylem-related genes, including TDR/PXY and VND7, was significantly reduced by KI treatment. Furthermore, mutation in respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RBOHD), which encodes an ROS-producing enzyme, suppressed the proliferation of cambial cell layers. In VISUAL, KI treatment inhibited ectopic xylem formation and reduced the expression of vascular stem cell-related genes. Temporal analyses further indicated that ROS functions during the early phase of induction, as the expression of dedifferentiation-related genes such as WAK1 and ACS6 decreased under KI treatment. Notably, the expression of Arabidopsis NAC domain-containing protein 071 (ANAC071) and ANAC096 was not suppressed by KI in incised stems, and estradiol-induced expression of ANAC071 failed to rescue vascular differentiation in VISUAL under KI treatment. These findings demonstrated that ROS act prior to ANAC function during the early phase of vascular regeneration.

Graves' disease can be managed with antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioactive iodine (RAI), or surgery. When ATDs are ineffective or poorly tolerated, RAI or surgery may be indicated. Methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) are commonly used, sometimes with adjunctive agents such as potassium iodide (KI), β-blockers, or corticosteroids. Although ATDs are essential in management, rare but severe allergic reactions may occur, necessitating careful monitoring. We report a case of refractory Graves' disease with a history of ATD-induced hemophagocytic syndrome and multiple drug allergies. A 43-year-old woman was diagnosed with Graves' disease after presenting with thyrotoxicosis and was treated with MMI and KI. Following an increase in the MMI dosage, she developed a rash and was switched to PTU. Although the rash resolved, she developed fever requiring hospitalization. During admission, shock and abnormal vital signs prompted suspicion of PTU-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Immunosuppressive therapy, plasma exchange, temporary hemodialysis, and corticosteroids led to improvement. She was discharged on corticosteroids, but thyroid function worsened during tapering, making ATDs unsuitable. Sixteen months later, RAI therapy was attempted; thyroid function worsened, and KI was continued. Eighteen months later, she was rehospitalized for fatigue; increasing corticosteroids improved thyroid hormone levels. Due to multiple drug allergies, a drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test was performed preoperatively and was positive for levothyroxine (LT4), although patch and oral provocation tests were negative, confirming LT4 safety. After stabilization, total thyroidectomy was performed; postoperatively, she received powdered LT4 and calcium supplementation. The course was uneventful, without allergic manifestations, and she was discharged in good condition. This case highlights the risk of severe hematologic complications from PTU and demonstrates that, with careful preoperative evaluation and individualized perioperative management, safe surgical treatment of refractory Graves' disease is possible.

Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in children. Although neutropenia and thrombocytopenia have been reported in adults with untreated Graves disease, these complications are rare in children. Here, we report a pediatric case of Graves disease complicated by agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia at diagnosis. A 12-year-old girl presented with increased appetite, irritability, fever, and petechiae. Laboratory examination revealed thyrotoxicosis, and this was associated with agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia. There was no history of antithyroid drug use. The diagnosis of Graves disease was established based on positive thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies and thyroid scintigraphy findings. After initiation of a β-blocker and potassium iodide, neutrophil and platelet counts gradually improved in association with the resolution of thyrotoxicosis, which allowed the subsequent introduction of methimazole. The β-blocker and potassium iodide were sequentially discontinued. Blood cell counts remained within the normal range thereafter, and thyroid function has remained well controlled with methimazole monotherapy. This case suggests that thyrotoxicosis itself is associated with cytopenia and provides valuable insight for clinicians when selecting a therapeutic strategy for Graves disease complicated by cytopenia.

Iodine is an essential trace nutrient for all infants that is a normal component of breastmilk. Infant requirements are estimated to be 15 mcg/kg daily in full-term infants and 30 mcg/kg daily in preterm infants.[1] Breastmilk iodine concentration correlates well with maternal urinary iodine concentration and may be a useful index of iodine sufficiency in infants under 2 years of age, but there is no clear agreement on a value that indicates iodine sufficiency, and may not correlate with infant thyroid function tests.[2-4] A milk iodine value of 100 to 200 mcg/L has been suggested to indicate adequate iodine status in lactating women,[5] although a range as wide as 60 to 465 mcg/L has been proposed.[4] Systematic reviews and studies on iodine nutrition found that iodine in breastmilk is adequate in iodine-sufficient countries, but in countries with iodine fortification of foods, many mothers did not obtain adequate iodine and that additional supplementation was desirable.[6-10] In iodine-deficient areas, supplementation of breastfeeding mothers with iodine appears to be more effective than direct supplementation of the infant in reducing infant iodine deficiency.[11] In the United States, a total iodine intake of 290 mcg daily is recommended during lactation; the WHO recommends a total intake of 250 mcg daily.[9] The American Thyroid Association recommends that breastfeeding women should supplement their diet with a daily oral supplement that contains 150 mcg of iodine.[12] Studies of lactating women in the United States found that the median urinary iodine concentration between 2001 and 2020 was 103.0 mcg/L (95% CI 86.1 to 143.5), indicating that many women fell below the minimum level of 100 mcg/L.[13] Vegan and vegetarian mothers appear to have reduced iodine concentrations in their milk and should use iodine supplements.[14] A survey in the United States between 2011 and 2014 found that only 19% of lactating women used a dietary supplement that contained iodine.[15] One study found improved neurodevelopment in the infants of mothers who received 150 mcg of iodine daily during breastfeeding, but a dose of 300 mcg daily did not further improve the outcome.[16] The use of excessive amounts of iodine in the mother near term and during breastfeeding (e.g., seaweed soup) can increase breastmilk iodine levels and cause transient hypothyroidism in breastfed infants.[17-20] Follow-up at 3 years of age found no long-term thyroid dysfunction in infants exposed to high iodine levels in breastmilk.[21] Supplementing mothers with Grave disease in appropriate doses potassium iodide usually does not adversely affect their breastfed infants, although a few may develop mild hypothyroidism.[22,23] The absorption of iodine can be marked after application to open wounds or mucous membranes. Exposure of mothers to unnecessary iodine who are or will be breastfeeding should be avoided or minimized to the extent possible by avoiding its use on maternal mucous membranes (e.g., vaginal use, wound therapy), avoiding prolonged contact time, avoiding repeated applications, and applying it to the smallest possible surface areas of the body. It is possible that maternal exposure to iodine near term could interfere with thyroid studies done as a part of newborn screening tests. When treating lactating people after radiation exposure, one dose of potassium iodine 130 mg is recommended at the lowest threshold exposure of >5 Gy to minimize the risk of blocking thyroid function in the fetus or nursing infant. In cases of severe contamination in lactating people, repeat dosing may be given and nursing neonates should be monitored for signs of illness.[24]

Sediments in river estuarine systems facilitate the long-term accumulation of naturally occurring radionuclides, playing a critical role in controlling their environmental distribution and potential radiological exposure pathways. This study presents a gamma-spectrometric assessment of natural radionuclides ([40]K, [238]U, and [232]Th) in estuarine sediments within a tropical river system where both natural geological processes and human activities occur. The sediments were quantified using a calibrated sodium iodide gamma-ray spectrometer, and standard radiological hazard indices were evaluated to assess potential environmental and human health risks. The mean activity concentrations were 490.50 i7.66 Bq/kg ([40]K), 5.67 , 0.20 Bq/kg ([238]U), and 4.81),0.26 Bq/kg ([232]Th). While [40]K actively slightly exceeded the UNSCEAR average by 16.79%, the [238]U and [232]Th concentrations were 82.82% and 89.31%, respectively, below the global thresholds. Derived radiological parameters, including radium equivalent activity (50.32 Bq/kg), dose rate (26.13 nGy/h), annual effective dose (0.03 mSv/y), and annual gonadal dose (191.64 µSv/y), were all within internationally accepted safety thresholds. The results suggest that sediment-associated radionuclides in the studied estuarine environment do not pose significant radiological risks through external exposure pathways. These findings contribute baseline data for tropical estuarine sediment systems and support comparative radiological assessments across similar depositional environments globally.

Entomophthoromycosis is a chronic fungal granulomatous disease caused by Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus species. This disease is associated with significant morbidity and prolonged treatment. This systematic review aims to address the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, therapeutic strategies, and clinical outcomes of entomophthoromycosis. The MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched using appropriate keywords for entomophthoromycosis from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2023. A total of 405 cases of entomophthoromycosis were included; of those, basidiobolomycosis (n = 241/405, 59.5%) was the most common, followed by conidiobolomycosis (n = 123/405, 30.4%) and unclassified entomophthoromycosis (n = 41/405, 10.1%). Distinct epidemiological patterns were observed: basidiobolomycosis was most commonly reported from Middle Eastern countries (n = 139/241, 57.7%), whereas conidiobolomycosis was most commonly reported from Southeast Asian countries (n = 97/123, 78.9%). The common clinical forms seen in basidiobolomycosis were gastrointestinal (n = 164/241, 68%) and cutaneous (n = 64/241, 26.6%) disease, and rhino-facial disease (n = 114/123, 92.7%) in conidiobolomycosis. Demonstration of fungal hyphae by histopathology or by direct microscopy is the most common diagnostic method (n = 377/405, 93.1%). Culture positivity was higher in conidiobolomycosis (n = 94/123, 76.4%) than in basidiobolomycosis (n = 108/241, 44.8%). Antifungal treatment with surgery (n = 129/231, 55.8%) was the common treatment strategy for basidiobolomycosis. Antifungal therapy alone (n = 77/112, 68.8%) was the most commonly used treatment for conidiobolomycosis. Itraconazole was the most common antifungal used in treatment (n = 228/357, 63.9%), followed by potassium iodide (n = 104/357, 29.1%). Overall mortality of the cohort is 10.93% (n = 40/366). Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis has a higher mortality (n = 28/150, 18.7%). Both these diseases exhibit different geographic patterns and clinical forms. The disease mimics malignancies and other inflammatory diseases; high clinical suspicion is essential for prompt diagnosis and initiation of therapy to improve clinical outcomes.

Purpose: To investigate through a meta-analysis and systematic review the influence of the combined use of silver diammine fluoride (SDF) and potassium iodide (KI) on the bonding of adhesive materials to sound and carious dentin. Methods: The PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, LILACS, Web of Science databases and grey literature were searched. In vitro studies comparing the bond strength of adhesive systems (AD) or glass ionomer cements (GIC) to SDF+KI and SDF-treated dentin were included. Mean differences were estimated, separately by dentin condition (sound or carious dentin) and tooth type (primary or permanent), considering the adhesive material as a subgroup. Results: Of 1,689 potentially eligible studies, 45 were selected for full-text analysis and 14 were included. There was no significant difference in the bond strength to permanent carious dentin pre-treated with SDF or SDF+KI (P=0.17; I[2]=97%), regardless of the adhesive material (GIC: P=0.32; AD: P=0.25). Subgroup analyses for primary carious dentin pre-treated with SDF or SDF+KI, performed separately for GIC and AD, also showed no significant differences (GIC: P=0.13; AD: P=0.28). However, when pooling all datasets, a statistically significant difference was observed (P=0.005; I[2]=94%), indicating that SDF+KI improved bond strength. No difference in the bond strength of GIC to permanent sound dentin pre-treated with SDF and SDF+KI was found (P=0.80; I[2]=0%). Conclusion: Pooled in vitro data suggest that SDF + KI do not affect bond strength to permanent carious or sound dentin and may enhance bond strength in primary carious dentin.

Deoxygenation of carbonyls is an area of value in synthetic transformations because it allows for the traceless utilization of carbonyl chemistry, a mainstay in synthetic manipulations. Since oxygenation patterns are common in biological settings, deoxygenation can also be used to valorize biologically derived feedstocks. Herein, we describe the use of potassium borohydride and iodine, two common and benchtop-stable reagents, to generate boron triiodide in situ, which performs full deoxygenation of aryl aldehydes and ketones. For aldehydes, benzyl iodide products are formed, whereas for ketones, the fully reduced methylene is produced. Byproducts upon workup are low-toxicity boric acid and iodide salts, making the process practical and appealing for a wide range of applications.