Modern radiotherapy modalities have increased treatment precision and clinical effectiveness. However, the economic evidence that underpins their adoption is highly heterogeneous, with substantial variation in costing methods, data sources, analytic designs (trial-based, real-world/observational and decision-analytic modelling), perspectives and the treatment of uncertainty. We propose a systematic mapping review to characterise the peer-reviewed evidence base and identify methodological gaps relevant to health technology assessment and policy-making. This systematic mapping review aims to: (1) systematically catalogue the published, peer-reviewed evidence and the methodological approaches used in economic evaluations of modern radiotherapy; (2) identify methodological trends, including the uptake and implementation of value of information analysis and (3) highlight evidence gaps by tumour type, geographical region and methodological approach.

The loss and fragmentation of natural habitats resulting from conversion to production land uses are among the main drivers of biodiversity loss and increase the proportion of habitat edges. These edges drive edge effects, which are ecological and physical changes in response to distance to habitat edges. Habitat edges between natural and production land affect ecological patterns and processes, including the networks of species interactions on either side of the edge. Because food webs depict both the composition of the community and the feeding links, which represent a measure of energy flow, they can reveal the relationships among community diversity, stability and ecosystem functions. Here, we present data on the quantitative food web of a tritrophic system comprising plants, herbivores (Lepidoptera larvae) and parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Nematoda), sampled across habitat edge gradients between New Zealand native southern beech forest (dominated by Fuscospora species) and non-native Pinus radiata plantation forests. Furthermore, we present plant-herbivore-parasitoid interaction data following an experimental reduction of herbivore densities by aerial spraying of bioinsecticide over 20 hectares of plantation forests adjacent to native forests. Overall, across the 24 sampling sites spanning a c.a. 2600-km[2] area, we sampled 16,017 (over 680 unique) plant-herbivore and 1127 (over 200 unique) herbivore-parasitoid interactions between over 150, 130, and 65 plant, herbivore, and parasitoid species. The information presented here has potential use in studies across a variety of spatial scales, from local and landscape levels to macroecological research. We expect that further exploration of this dataset can contribute to developing conservation and management strategies for native and plantation forests, as well as to improve our understanding of food web assembly mechanisms in forest habitats. The data are available for reuse under CC BY 4.0 licensing. Please cite this data paper when using the dataset in publications or teaching demonstrations.

Recalcitrant digestive fistulas are difficult to manage when local tissues are irradiated, infected, scarred, or depleted. Because pharyngocutaneous, enterocutaneous, esophageal, colorectal/perineal, and pancreatic fistulas are anatomically and biologically distinct, they were evaluated as site-stratified evidence rather than as a single pooled clinical entity. This review aimed to assess definitive fistula closure, flap survival, recurrence, complications, reoperation, mortality, and functional recovery after microvascular free flap transfer for established recalcitrant digestive fistulas. This Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020-informed qualitative systematic review searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and reference lists. Heterogeneity in fistula anatomy, timing, flap selection, adjunctive procedures, and outcome definitions precluded a pooled meta-analysis. The review included 15 studies, including seven case series, six case reports, one retrospective cohort, and one technical clinical report, with sample sizes ranging from 1 to 50. Direct evidence was concentrated in post-laryngectomy pharyngocutaneous or pharyngostome fistulas. In studies with explicit extractable numerators, 25/25 flaps survived, but this figure derived from three small series and six case reports and excludes larger cohorts with incomplete or nonseparable reporting. Larger series reported substantial complications, revisions, and adjunctive procedures. Abdominal enterocutaneous evidence was limited to isolated salvage cases. Microvascular free flap transfer is a plausible salvage option for selected recalcitrant digestive fistulas, particularly in irradiated or surgically depleted head and neck fields. The evidence remains very low in certainty and does not support a single pooled closure estimate across fistula sites.

Amino acid oxidation is a major cause of protein instability and loss of function in therapeutic and industrial settings. Although methionine, cysteine, tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, lysine, and arginine residues are widely recognized as oxidation-prone, only a subset of such residues is dominant functional hotspots, and not all are suitable targets for mutation. Identifying these vulnerable, yet engineerable, sites remains a major challenge. Here, we present EvoMut, a residue-level analytical framework for evaluating both oxidative vulnerability and mutation feasibility. EvoMut estimates oxidation risk by integrating structural features, local functional context, intrinsic chemical susceptibility, and evolutionary conservation. A central feature of the framework is the explicit separation of oxidation risk from mutation feasibility. Specifically, candidate substitutions are evaluated only after high-risk residues are identified and ranked by evolutionary substitution patterns. Application of EvoMut to multiple proteins, and evaluation with experimental data, showed that oxidation-prone residues differ markedly in their engineering potential. EvoMut distinguishes residues that are both oxidation-sensitive and evolutionarily permissive from those that are chemically vulnerable but functionally constrained. By providing residue-level mechanistic insight, EvoMut offers a practical framework for the rational design of oxidation-resistant proteins. EvoMut is freely available as a web server at https://proteus.cmm.uga.edu/evomut.