Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi that frequently contaminate grains, nuts, and other foodstuffs. Their widespread occurrence causes significant economic losses and poses a serious threat to human and animal health. Traditional analytical methods relying on complex instruments often fail to meet the requirements for rapid on-site screening and remain limited by cost, operational complexity, and restricted on-site deployment capabilities. Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) are important tool for the rapid detection of mycotoxins due to their simplicity, portability, and low cost. This review provides a critical overview of the latest development in signal readout architecture for LFIA platforms, including single-signal platforms based on colorimetry, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS); dual-mode system integrating colorimetric-fluorescence or colorimetric-photothermal readings; and multi-mode platforms that combines three or more orthogonal signals. It also discusses the mechanism of functional nanomaterials in signal amplification, with particular emphasis on gold and fluorescent nanomaterials, nanozymes, metal organic frameworks, magnetic nanoparticles, and layered assembled plasmonic probes. The integration of portable readers, smartphone imaging, and machine learning algorithms, and high-throughput multiplexing formats is also summarized. In summary, future priorities have been identified, including multifunctional nanoprobes, intelligent on-site deployment devices, and AI assisted data interpretation. This review provides a systematic framework for the rational design of highly sensitive, reliable, and field-deployable LFIA technologies for mycotoxin monitoring.

Chile's 2021 constitutional amendment on neurorights, the first such provision anywhere in the world, is widely characterized in the literature as a rushed, conceptually underdeveloped instance of liberal rights extension. This article proposes an alternative framing. Examined through the intersecting lenses of non-traditional security (NTS) theory, international law, and the political history of post-colonial statehood and technological dependency, this article challenges this view and proposes that the 2021 constitutional amendment can be functionally interpreted as acquiring the structure of cognitive sovereignty, defined here as the state's independent authority over the mental and identity-related domains of its population against disproportionate foreign neurotechnological influence. Three analytical dimensions support this functional reading. First, the amendment's placement within Chile's restrictive bioethical architecture, - which severely constrains bodily autonomy while constitutionally elevating neural governance, - is structurally inconsistent with a liberalizing rights logic and is more coherently read as an extension of conservative state authority over the cognitive domain. Second, Chile's history of foreign intervention and the Pinochet regime's systematic use of psychological methods to fracture political consciousness, constitutes a historical context within which the amendment acquires cognitive sovereignty significance, even if history did not directly motivate its drafters. Third, Chile's structural position as a consumer rather than producer of neurotechnology, operating under the conditions of technological asymmetry, provides geopolitical context within which the amendment may function as a reverse regulatory signal toward technologically dominant actors, regardless of whether it was designed as such. Taken together, these three contextual dimensions challenge the dismissal of the amendment as conceptually underdeveloped and suggest that, when functionally interpreted through cognitive sovereignty lens, neurorights may acquire strategic significance as NTS instruments - a reading that complements rather than replaces the human-rights framing. The article concludes by exploring the conditions under which constitutional neurorights may be adopted by other technologically peripheral states as for cognitive sovereignty purposes, with implications for global neurogovernance.

Somatic symptoms in migrant and trauma-affected young people often resist a strictly biomedical reading. Trauma, forced migration and family silences may disrupt the parental reflective function, leaving experience unsymbolized and the body as the primary site of expression. Group-based transcultural consultation (TC) has been proposed as a setting able to temporarily sustain mentalization.

Background/Objectives: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) treated with high-dose-rate (HDR) surface brachytherapy using patient-specific 3D-printed applicators lacks a validated non-invasive follow-up modality capable of resolving microscopic residual disease. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) provides real-time, cellular resolution, three-dimensional imaging of the epidermis and superficial dermis and has been proposed as a candidate tool for post-radiotherapy monitoring. We evaluated the feasibility of LC-OCT for pre- and post-treatment imaging of cSCC and assessed whether an LC-OCT-defined remission phenotype, operationally defined a priori as the absence of all malignancy-associated LC-OCT criteria, can be documented after 3D-printed HDR surface brachytherapy. Methods: Eight consecutive patients with histologically confirmed cSCC, unsuitable for surgery, were treated with HDR surface brachytherapy delivered through patient-specific 3D-printed applicators. LC-OCT imaging was performed immediately before brachytherapy and at short-term follow-up (six months). Nineteen pre-treatment LC-OCT criteria derived from the Cinotti 2021 descriptive criterion set for cSCC were scored: seventeen malignancy-associated criteria, plus elastosis (scored as a background photodamage covariate, not counted towards remission) and fibrosis (scored post-treatment only). Presence/absence of each criterion was rated by two blinded dermatologists; inter-assessor agreement was quantified using percentage agreement and Cohen's kappa. Results: Baseline LC-OCT showed a rich malignant signature: hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, disarranged epidermal architecture, dyskeratotic keratinocytes, atypical and crowded nuclei, and dermoepidermal junction alterations were present in eight out of eight lesions (100%) under an inclusive two-reader rule. At short-term follow-up, six months after the final brachytherapy fraction, all seventeen malignancy-associated criteria constituting the pre-specified remission set were absent in all eight patients under the decision rule described in the article-which classifies isolated dilated linear vessels occurring in an otherwise criterion-negative, fibrotic dermis as post-radiation telangiectasia rather than residual tumour, yielding an LC-OCT-defined remission phenotype rate of 100% (eight out of eight; 95% exact binomial [Clopper-Pearson] CI 63.1-100%). Post-radiation fibrosis was observed in 8/8 patients (100%), and dilated linear vessels were observed in six out of eight patients (75%, evaluated under the same decision rule (Observer 1: 4/8; Observer 2: 6/8). Elastosis, a marker of background actinic photodamage present in eight out of eight lesions at baseline and excluded from the malignancy-associated criterion count, is distinct from post-treatment fibrosis, a radiation-induced dermal remodelling feature scored only at follow-up; the two should not be conflated. Conclusions: In this proof-of-concept cohort, LC-OCT was feasible for pre- and post-treatment imaging of cSCC after 3D-printed HDR surface brachytherapy, produced highly reproducible dual-observer readings (κ = 0.903), and documented, at a single short-term time point six months after the final fraction, an LC-OCT-defined remission phenotype in every treated lesion, with a consistent fibrosis signature. Persistent dilated linear vessels in a fibrotic, otherwise criterion-negative dermis were classified as a non-specific post-radiation vascular change and did not preclude LC-OCT-defined complete remission. Because this remission phenotype rests on a pre-specified but not externally validated imaging definition and was not anchored to post-treatment histopathology or reflectance confocal microscopy, it constitutes an imaging surrogate rather than a confirmed complete remission, and microscopic residual disease below the resolution limit of LC-OCT cannot be excluded. These hypothesis-generating findings support LC-OCT as a candidate non-invasive monitoring modality, requiring confirmation in larger, biopsy-anchored prospective studies with longer follow-up.

Pediatric chest pain represents a frequently encountered symptom in emergency departments and outpatient clinics throughout childhood, often generating substantial parental anxiety. This study aims to comparatively analyze the readability, information quality, and scientific reliability of textual contents generated by the artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots ChatGPT, Gemini, and Perplexity regarding pediatric chest pain, utilizing multidimensional analytical indices. Out of the top 25 queries with the highest global search volume on Google Trends, 17 unique keywords meeting the predefined inclusion criteria were filtered on June 1, 2026. These inquiries were directed to all three AI platforms in distinct, independent user sessions, yielding a total of 51 textual responses. Linguistic readability levels were calculated across six separate digital interfaces using the FKGL, FRES and other formulas, and the results were benchmarked against the sixth-grade reading level" threshold. Scientific reliability was audited via the Modified DISCERN and JAMA benchmarks, while content quality was examined using the GQS and EQIP instruments. The median readability scores computed across all three AI models were found to be statistically and significantly above the targeted sixth-grade comprehension threshold, indicating a high level of difficulty (p < 0.001). Post-hoc pairwise evaluations revealed that ChatGPT and Gemini offered linguistically more accessible and structurally less complex textual architectures; conversely, Perplexity exhibited a significantly more difficult and academic linguistic framework (p < 0.0167). On the other hand, regarding content quality and source credibility, Perplexity demonstrated remarkably superior and more optimized scores across all evaluated instruments, namely GQS (p = 0.002, p = 0.001), JAMA (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), mDISCERN (p = 0.005, p = 0.001), and EQIP (p = 0.003, p < 0.001), compared directly to both ChatGPT and Gemini, respectively. Although generative AI formulations harbor considerable potential to provide extensive data on pediatric chest pain, the sophisticated, university-level linguistic architecture of these texts poses a substantial access barrier for individuals who lack proficient digital health literacy skills. While Perplexity achieved the performance closest to the "gold standard" in terms of informational accuracy, no model is currently mature enough to substitute for a professional medical consultation due to observed citation biases and omissions. It is of paramount importance that clinicians actively guide families to scrutinize online health data through a critical lens.

Sustainability research routinely treats inertia as the obstacle that explains why interventions fail to embed in everyday life. This Perspective argues that what is labelled as inertia is often patterned persistence-signal rather than noise-carrying moral commitments, ecological knowledge and potentially protective strategies. I define social inertia (SI) as the patterned continuation of social trajectories shaped by historical pathways, embodied routines, institutional arrangements and cultural attachments, and propose a five-part typology (institutional, embodied, narrative, ritual and infrapolitical) giving the concept analytical depth beyond the mechanistic vocabularies of lock-in, regime stability and behavioural habit. A methodological orientation drawn from the humanities and interpretive social sciences-archival reading against the grain, oral history, and Future Design-reads SI across past, present and imagined-future registers. The reconceptualisation reframes the field's diagnostic starting point: not "why does change fail" but what the patterning of continuity reveals about the lives interventions seek to alter.

The embodied view of cognition holds that cognitive and emotional processes are grounded in our bodily experiences and physical interactions with the world. In line with this view, embodied motivation studies have purported to show that enacting motivation-related postures, expressions, and actions can elicit or modulate their corresponding motivational states. While theory-building reviews on the topic have accepted these studies' conclusions at face value, a closer reading of key articles reveals several statistical issues that call their veracity into question. The present review shows that evidence for bodily feedback effects on motivation relies on: (1) studies using multiple measures of motivation, and dismissing results from those that do not support hypotheses, (2) analytical degrees of freedom inflating the false positive rate, and (3) reviews on the topic interpreting non-significant hypothesis tests as if they were significant. Supporting this analysis of the literature, a z-curve of 51 significant results reported across 18 articles indicated little evidentiary value, with an estimated replicability rate of just 0.21 (95% CI = [0.13, 0.25]). In sum, there is little credible evidence that bodily postures modulate motivational states.

In the United States context, incivility in nursing education is widely studied as a behavioral problem to be measured and remedied. In contrast, civility has been conceptualized as a professional virtue that is foundational to nursing identity. Together, these civility and incivility orientations sustain a moral binary for nursing education in which civility functions as virtue and incivility as its violation. This paper re-orients the discourse by reading incivility through camp. Drawing on Susan Sontag and Fabio Cleto, camp serves as an analytic lens to show how exaggerated seriousness, affective escalation, and performative staging produce incivility as a violation of moral authority. We offer a synthesis of how civility and incivility are written in the nursing education literature and reflect on their conceptual asymmetry. Then, we present and examine a three-scene vignette featuring two behaviors codified in the Incivility in Nursing Education-Revised (INE-R) scale: lateness and eye-rolling. Through a camp analysis of the vignette, we trace moral regulation via policy, surveillance, affective escalation, and racialized cultural coding. What can appear as a behavioral violation according to the literature is shown through camp and contextualization to be instead affective attachments to normative expectations of comportment and professionalism. We show how incivility and its associated behaviors function as performative judgments of disposition within a moral binary. Camp transforms how incivility is perceived by revealing how ordinary behaviors become moralized in nursing education. By unsettling the civility/incivility binary, this conceptual analysis invites greater reflexivity in scholarship and pedagogy and opens space for more contextually attentive engagement with professional identity.

Speech is organized into discrete utterances and pauses in accordance with underlying linguistic structure, temporal coordination, prosodic organization, and respiratory demands. Temporal speech characteristics, including rhythmic and pausing patterns, are governed by multiple neurophysiological mechanisms and provide valuable insights for the assessment and management of motor speech disorders. This study employed a mechanistically informed analytic framework of hierarchical temporal speech organization to derive interpretable, objective measures for assessing rhythmic and pausing disturbances in neurodegenerative diseases.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder often treated with Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), a surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes to improve motor function. Accurate electrode placement is critical for treatment efficacy but can be influenced by tissue deformation, insertion forces, and the mechanical properties of brain tissue. In this study, we investigated the role of layer interface angle as a controlled biomechanical factor affecting insertion forces and electrode deviation. A two-layer agar gel phantom was constructed to produce a prescribed stiffness transition between a lower-stiffness and a higher-stiffness gel layer, and its small-amplitude dynamic shear-stiffness contrast was characterized using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) at 100 Hz. A stage-wise analytical model was formulated to describe the Z-direction axial force-depth response F z z during indentation, fracture, relaxation, and frictional sliding, and a hybrid physics-guided residual neural network (PGNN) was explored as a secondary residual-correction approach for the remaining axial-force model discrepancies. The lateral interface-force change F iy was obtained directly from the measured Y-direction force signal, while electrode deviation was quantified in a separate series of phantom experiments. Insertion experiments at interface angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75° demonstrated that the lateral (Y-direction) interface force increased from 0.886 mN at 0° to 7.72 mN at 75°. For the deviation analysis, the mean value of the 0° group was defined as the zero reference; relative to this baseline, the largest group mean deviation was 0.0529 mm at 75°. These findings highlight the role of interface geometry in probe trajectory stability and provide a mechanistic baseline for future studies of probe insertion in two-layer media.