Moss bag biomonitoring has been applied to investigate airborne organic pollutants. Two moss species, Hypnum cupressiforme and Sphagnum girgensohnii, were exposed for two months within different-sized urban areas - metropolis, city, and town, and a rural site during winter and summer seasons. The bags were exposed at nine regulatory Air Quality monitoring stations, which represent different land use classes within the urban areas. After exposure, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the moss samples by gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC-MS). At the urban sites, the mosses primarily accumulated three to six-ring PAHs: Phen, Fl, and Pyr, followed by B[k]F, B[a]P, I[cd]P, B[ghi]P, etc., while Nap was recorded in the summer samples. Both moss species identified the sites with the highest and lowest PAH levels in the air - typical urban sites with heavy traffic and those with thermal power plants (TPP) and seasonal residential heating as additional pollution sources, while the rural site was recognized as a proper control one. Mosses showed a strong seasonal fluctuation in PAHs with markedly higher prevalence in the cold winter season. Combustion-derived PAHs (COMPAHs) accounted for about 70% in the winter season, while in the summer, they fell to 40%. These results suggest activation of residential heating systems/units. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and diagnostic ratios confirmed that PAH emissions vary between seasons. Moss bag biomonitoring showed the same temporal distribution patterns as the instrumental measurements, but with similar spatial distribution patterns, for available comparative B[a]P and ∑PAH measurements.

Mitochondrial dysfunction profoundly alters cellular metabolism, yet its systems-level consequences remain incompletely characterized. Here, we present a comprehensive untargeted metabolomics analysis of respiratory-deficient (ρ[0]) and competent (ρ[+]) Saccharomyces cerevisiae prototrophic cells using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap Fusion™ Tribrid™ high-resolution mass spectrometry. By integrating hydrophilic interaction and reversed-phase chromatography in both ionization modes, we detected ~7000 features per chromatographic condition, of which ~12% were structurally annotated through MS[n] fragmentation and in silico spectral matching. Principal component analysis revealed distinct metabolic signatures between ρ[0] and ρ[+] cells, with ~73% of total variance explained by the first two components. Volcano plot and hierarchical clustering analyses identified a marked accumulation of phosphate-containing metabolites, sphingolipids, ceramides, and fatty acid residues in ρ[0] cells, whereas amino acids, excluding arginine, cysteine, and aromatics, were enriched in ρ[+] cells. Notably, branched-chain amino acid depletion in ρ[0] cells correlated with impaired growth and mitochondrial stress. Pathway enrichment analysis, supported by transcriptomic integration, prompted us to further investigate reprogramming of polyamine biosynthesis and aromatic amino acid metabolism. Calibration curves constructed from certified standards validated the accuracy of the LC-MS platform and reinforced annotation confidence. Our findings demonstrate that advanced untargeted metabolomics, coupled with MS[3] fragmentation and multi-omics integration, enables high-resolution mapping of metabolic reconfiguration under mitochondrial dysfunction, offering mechanistic insights into mitochondrial retrograde signaling and adaptation.

Clean water, the elixir of life, is of tremendous importance in achieving environmental sustainability and the balanced functioning of our ecosystem. Coupled with population growth, several anthropogenic activities and environmental catastrophes have together contributed to an alarming increase in the concentration of toxic pollutants in water bodies. Diversified physiochemical conditions of water matrices, ranging from mining drainage to seawater, is the critical challenge in designing adsorbents. MXenes, a new class of 2D layered materials, are transition metal nitrides, carbides, carbonitrides or borides formed through selective etching process. MXenes are known to have high surface area and activity with biological compatibility and chemical stability and therefore are promising adsorbents and have been explored for a broad range of contaminants. This review starts with a brief about environmental contaminants followed by synthesis and modifications of MXenes. It then revolves around their so far explored adsorbing and degradation properties for different contaminants ranging from toxic metals, inorganic ions, and radionuclides to various organic pollutants, including dyes, pharmaceuticals, aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticides, etc. Finally, we have discussed associated toxicity, secondary contamination, future trends, and challenges in ascertaining scalability and wide-range applicability of MXenes in natural environmental conditions to make them a warrior of water sustainability.

The stability of fluoxetine hydrochloride in fluoxetine solution diluted with five common pharmaceutical diluents was studied. Fluoxetine syrup, containing fluoxetine 4 mg/mL (as the hydrochloride salt), was diluted to 1 and 2 mg/mL in each of the following: deionized water; Simple Syrup, British Pharmacopeia; Simple Syrup, USP; Aromatic Elixir, USP; and grape-cranberry drink. Each solution was divided into eight 120-mL amber glass bottles: four stored at 5 degrees C and four stored at 30 degrees C. Samples were removed from each bottle at time zero and two, four, and eight weeks and assayed in triplicate with high-performance liquid chromatographic methods for determining fluoxetine concentration and concentration of its primary degradation product, alpha-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene methanol. Stability was established if the fluoxetine concentration changed by < 10% and if the concentration of the degradation product was < 1% of the initial fluoxetine concentration. No test mixture dropped below 95% of the initial fluoxetine concentration or exceeded 0.5% degradation product during the study period. Fluoxetine hydrochloride was stable for eight weeks in fluoxetine solution diluted to 1 or 2 mg/mL with common pharmaceutical diluents and stored at 5 or 30 degrees C.