The oxygen isotope (δ18Oice) record from a ∼310-meter core drilled on the Guliya ice cap (GIC) in 2015 (GP2015) demonstrates reproducibility with a ∼309-meter core drilled nearby in 1992. Construction of the timescale for a composite of the GIC cores used 10Be and 36Cl to locate the 41-thousand year Laschamp geomagnetic excursion and a match to a δ18Oatm-dated core from the Guliya Summit. Comparison of the δ18O record from an Asian Monsoon speleothem with the GIC δ18Oice supports a timescale back to 128 thousand years, the oldest known so far from Tibet. The δ18Oice record shows orbital variations in phase with June insolation and polar ice core stable isotope records through the last glacial cycle, although the relationship is reversed since the deglaciation. Future investigation is required to resolve this observation. Radiocarbon-dated ice from the glacier margin supports the presence of glacial-stage ice in the GIC. The 36Cl/10Be ratios in GP2015 confirm that GIC ice is older than 100 thousand years.

A 2016 review of randomized trials found that chiropractic care was as effective as physiotherapy for low back pain and was unable to establish the effectiveness of chiropractic care vs. exercise therapy or medical care; however, this review had several methodological limitations. We will conduct an updated systematic review to address these limitations and determine the effectiveness of chiropractic care compared to other usual care approaches for adults with non-specific low back pain. We will search for eligible trials indexed in MEDLINE, AMED, Embase, CINAHL, the Index to Chiropractic Literature, and the Cochrane Library from January 1, 2016 through August 31, 2026. Pairs of independent reviewers will conduct study selection, data abstraction, and risk-of-bias assessment. We will conduct meta-analyses using random-effects models and assess the certainty of evidence of all outcomes with the GRADE approach. Our results will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations.

To describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic considerations, and safety-first course of chiropractic care for an adult male with chronic scan-negative cauda equina syndrome.

Cleft palate can be caused by failure of elevation of the palatal shelves over the tongue during development. The physical mechanism of elevation is poorly understood. It is thought that elevation is obstructed by the tongue in a condition known as Pierre Robin sequence (PRS), in which the mandible is smaller (micrognathia) and/or further back than normal (retrognathia). Some PRS cases are associated with mutations in the regulatory and coding regions of SOX9. Here, we first examined the timing of palatal shelf elevation in mouse embryonic explants. While elevation in vivo occurs between embryonic days E13.5 and E14.5, we found that palate elevation occurred in both E12.5 and E13.5 explants immediately upon dissection, indicating release of elastic prestress by removal of the tongue. These findings suggest that palatal shelves are programmed ab initio to grow horizontally (as they do in birds and most reptiles) but are deflected in mammals by the tongue. Next, to examine this process in utero, we generated a new mtHand2[Cre] mouse line to delete Sox9 or to express diphtheria toxin specifically in the mandibular mesenchyme. Sox9 deletion resulted in a hypoplastic, dysmorphic, retrognathic mandible with fully penetrant, complete cleft of the secondary palate. In contrast, most R26R[DTA/+];mtHand2[Cre] embryos showed a reduced mandible (micrognathia) but also displayed a dramatically smaller tongue (microglossia). With a nonobstructing tongue, these mutants exhibited horizontal palatal shelf growth and formed a normal palate. These results are consistent with a mechanism in which physical obstruction by the tongue is the primary cause of downward development of the palatal shelves, far earlier than previously appreciated, and that normal elevation occurs by the release of elastic prestress. We experimentally demonstrate that in PRS, micrognathia causes cleft palate through tongue malpositioning that prevents release of this palatal shelf prestress.

Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) represent a critical livestock resource in the arid and semi-arid regions, known for their disease resistance, heat tolerance and physiological hardiness. Despite their agricultural importance, the precise matrilineal evolutionary history, genetic diversity and demographic trajectory remain incompletely resolved within the broader context of South Asian cattle domestication. This study explores the phylogeographic patterns and maternal lineage diversity of zebu cattle through complete mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA), the D-loop, and hypervariable regions from 50 individuals of 10 indigenous Pakistani breeds. These breeds were classified into three regions: North Pakistan, Central Pakistan/Punjab (Indus Valley region) and South Pakistan (the site of Mohenjo-Daro). Our data include 183 newly generated sequences and are supplemented with comparative datasets from 19 countries. Analysis reveals South Pakistan, especially the Mehrgarh area, as a key potential domestication epicentre, exhibiting highest nucleotide diversity (π = 0.01480) across Asian zebu populations, accompanied by ancient maternal lineages estimated to date back approximately 2.17 million years. Highest haplotype diversity was observed in Punjab (0.901 ± 0.014) followed by Southern Pakistan (0.893 ± 0.026). Phylogenetic and demographic analyses (mismatch distribution, Fu's Fs) further support an early dispersal scenario (I1 haplogroup) originating in Mehrgarh and radiating through the Indus Valley into broader Asian lineages. These findings enhance our understanding of the domestication origins of Bos indicus, its implications for breed conservation and sustainable livestock management.

Emerging viral zoonoses-infections caused by viruses that cross the species barrier from animal reservoirs into human populations-account for the majority of emerging infectious disease (EID) events and now constitute a defining threat to global health security. Over the past decade the tempo of these spillovers has increased, propelled by land-use change, agricultural intensification, wildlife trade, and climate change, while reverse zoonosis-the transmission of human pathogens back into animal populations-has created novel animal reservoirs capable of seeding future outbreaks. Against this backdrop, we systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed epidemiological evidence on emerging viral zoonoses from January 2016 through June 2026, searching five bibliographic databases and synthesizing 312 included studies. Annual high-consequence spillover events increased by 4.98% (95% CI 3.22%-6.76%), and the decade saw five Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) declarations, alongside other high-consequence spillovers such as the 2026 Bundibugyo virus outbreak (case fatality rate [CFR] 30.9%) and the expansion of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza into dairy cattle. Bat-origin viruses exhibited the highest pooled CFR (29.86%), whereas primate-origin viruses demonstrated greater transmissibility, supporting a virulence-transmissibility trade-off. Land-use change emerged as the dominant anthropogenic driver, increasing zoonotic host diversity by 18%-72%. White-tailed deer SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence reached 32.7% (95% CI 21.4%-46.1%), with confirmed deer-to-human spillback. Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) collectively reduced the effective reproduction number by up to 82%, and prevention-oriented One Health strategies yielded returns exceeding 1100% on investment. Viral zoonoses are accelerating under anthropogenic pressure, and upstream prevention with integrated One Health surveillance represents the most cost-effective pandemic preparedness strategy.

The pilosebaceous units (PSUs) are essential micro-organs for skin homeostasis, yet human vellus hair-associated PSUs remain largely understudied. Here, we present a single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of PSUs from the back skin of healthy young and aged males, revealing extensive age-associated cellular and transcriptional remodeling within this niche. We show that aging is accompanied by reduced relative representation of bulge hair follicle stem cells, together with altered regeneration-associated transcriptional programs. Sebocytes display enhanced androgen responsiveness coupled with increased lipid biosynthetic activity during aging. Concurrently, an ion channel-enriched follicular population shows increased representation with age and exhibits stress- and inflammation-associated transcriptional features. In parallel, an innate immune-like melanocyte subset shows reduced relative representation during aging, coinciding with changes in inferred melanocyte-immune communication. Notably, immune subsets in aged PSUs display coordinated changes in metabolic pathway signatures, suggesting an association between immune remodeling and metabolic state. Together, our findings highlight the aged PSU as a focal site where epithelial, immune, and metabolic alterations converge during skin aging. This work establishes a comprehensive single-nucleus atlas of human vellus PSU aging and provides a framework for understanding how aging reshapes pilosebaceous niche biology, with potential implications for age-associated cutaneous inflammation and dysfunction.

Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) is a promising approach for sustainable ammonia production and nitrogen pollution mitigation, but its efficiency is often limited by sluggish nitrate hydrogenation. The spin state and coordination environment of the active metal play crucial roles in selectivity and reaction kinetics, yet designing electronically adaptive active sites for the complex multielectron NO3RR process remains challenging. Here, we report an Fe-N3(POX) single-atom catalyst that breaks the local symmetry to induce a switch-like adaptive coordination and dynamical tuning of the Fe spin state, enabling high activity at low overpotentials, with an ammonia yield rate of 21.96 g mgFe[-1] h[-1] and a Faradaic efficiency of 89.8% at -0.56 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). In situ spectroscopy confirms coordination reorganization and an increase in the Fe spin state, accompanied by accelerated consumption of asymmetric nitrate species. The resulting higher spin state character enhances back-donation into nitrate-derived intermediates and accelerates hydrogenation. This study demonstrates a viable strategy to manipulate spin states at the single-atom level, providing mechanistic insight for optimizing ammonia production on Fe-based catalysts.

Transformer-based methods achieve strong performance on language understanding tasks, yet the role of grammar in encoder representations remains insufficiently explained. While decoder-only models implicitly learn language structure through next-token prediction, encoder-only models still dominate many classification and matching tasks, where grammatical relations can affect the decision boundary. We therefore ask two research questions: (1) how are grammatical structures represented within transformer-based encoders, and (2) how can grammatical regulation improve language understanding in these encoders? We first design an interpretable analysis showing that grammar is weakly present in standard encoders but is not explicitly organised without regulation. We then propose a Semantics-Grammar Coupled Space (SGCS), a low-dimensional space in which token positions encode semantic information and spatial relations encode grammatical dependencies. SGCS is trained through sentiment-based spatial regulation and attention-grammar distribution alignment, and it is mapped back to the encoder representation through an invertible mapping network. Experiments on 12 language understanding datasets with BERT and RoBERTa backbones show that SGCS raises syntactic tree similarity from 23.84% to 80.10% and improves downstream performance on most evaluated tasks, with especially consistent gains on sentiment-oriented and grammar-sensitive benchmarks.