Objective: To investigate the interactive effects of combined visual acuity and visual field impairments on obstacle avoidance walking and searching abilities. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Healthy volunteers with normal visual acuity and visual fields were recruited from the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between March and September 2024. Binocular presented visual acuity (PVA) was measured using a standard logarithmic visual acuity chart, and binocular visual field was examined using a Humphrey perimeter. Visual function impairments were simulated. Four levels of visual acuity impairment (PVA<0.05, 0.05≤PVA<0.3, 0.3≤PVA<0.5, and PVA≥0.5) were induced by applying occlusion foils of different densities onto the spectacle lenses. Two levels of concentric visual field constriction (visual field radius≤10° and≤20°) were simulated using modified goggle-based tunnel vision simulation glasses. Participants were randomly assigned to four visual acuity simulation groups using computer-generated random numbers, and further randomly assigned in a 1∶2 ratio to the 10° and 20° visual field subgroups within each group. Each participant completed an obstacle avoidance walking task and a target search task under both simulated visual field impairment and normal visual field conditions. The primary outcome measures were task completion time, number of collisions, and target detection rate. The Kruskal-Wallis test and linear mixed-effects model were used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 143 participants were included [aged(23.94±2.23) years; 55 males and 88 females], with 95 under the simulated 20° visual field condition and 48 under the simulated 10° visual field condition. Under the normal visual field condition, participants in the PVA<0.05 group showed longer obstacle avoidance walking completion time (23.00 s vs. 17.50 s), an increased mean number of collisions (0.75 vs. 0.00), and a decreased target detection rate (80% vs. 100%) compared with those in the PVA≥0.5 group (all P<0.05). At any given level of visual acuity, participants with 20° or 10° visual field constriction demonstrated prolonged task completion time, a reduced target detection rate, and an increased mean number of collisions compared with those with normal visual field (all P<0.05). For example, in the PVA≥0.5 group, the obstacle avoidance walking completion time increased from 17.50 s under normal visual field to 25.50 s and 39.88 s under 20° and 10° visual field constriction, respectively, with the target detection rate decreasing from 100% to 90% and 80%. Both tasks were affected by the interaction between visual acuity and visual field impairments under specific deficit combinations. The combination of 20° visual field constriction and PVA<0.05 showed the most extensive impact, with the obstacle avoidance walking completion time reaching 55.50 s, mean number of collisions reaching 5.50, and target detection rate decreasing to 50%, and significant interaction effects were observed on the task completion time, target detection rate, and collision counts (all P<0.05). Conclusions: Visual field impairment exerts a more pronounced effect on obstacle avoidance walking and target search tasks than visual acuity impairment. Combined visual acuity and visual field impairments produce a compounded interference effect on the performance of both tasks.

Orbital fractures, particularly of the medial and inferior walls, often require precise reconstruction to restore orbital volume and prevent enophthalmos, diplopia, and facial deformity. The selection of repair material, ranging from titanium meshes and porous polyethylene to resorbable polymers and tissue-engineered scaffolds, is therefore central to surgical success, yet a clinically oriented synthesis of the available options remains lacking. This study combines a bibliometric mapping with a focused review of repair materials to chart how the field has evolved and to clarify the relationship between material properties, fracture pattern, and treatment strategy. Literature published from 1990 to 2025 was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and analyzed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the R package "bibliometrix"; 1156 articles were included. The USA contributed the largest number of publications (272), followed by South Korea (124) and China (118), with the University of Helsinki (58 articles) and the Journal of Craniofacial Surgery (H-index 32) being the most productive institution and journal, respectively. Six thematic clusters were identified: biomaterial types, outcome prediction, complications, absorbable polymers, allografts, and surgical approaches. Keyword burst analysis highlighted emerging interests in "floor" (2021-2025) and "intraoperative navigation" (2022-2025). We further map these clusters onto concrete clinical scenarios: small orbital floor defects may be managed with resorbable polymers, whereas extensive, comminuted fractures or cases with severe enophthalmos require the rigid support of titanium or patient-specific implants (PSI). The field is progressing from conventional fixation toward computer-assisted planning, PSI, and bioactive tissue-engineered constructs. Future efforts should prioritize validating navigation-guided implantation for orbital floor reconstruction while advancing novel biomaterials that promote osteogenesis and minimize complications.

Small multiple time series visualizations are often used for real-time data monitoring tasks in high-impact domains such as healthcare and manufacturing. Effective design is critical because users rely on these visualizations to monitor data from many entities, such as patients or machines, often while distracted. Users may need to rapidly appraise current values for each entity, monitoring for those that go outside an acceptable range, while also watching temporal trends. However, no design guidelines currently exist for visually emphasizing current values in historical time series represented by small multiples. Via an iterative design process informed by a review of related literature and theory on visual channels and emphasis, we present a design space for glanceable time series small multiple displays. We evaluate this space through two online empirical studies, testing against non-threshold and threshold rapid appraisal tasks. Our results provide insights into merging current value and historical data visualizations for rapid appraisal tasks in time series monitoring. For non-threshold tasks, we found that size encodings on the current value, spatially integrated into the line chart, may provide a good compromise, with 28% response time improvement for tasks involving finding large current values and minimal interference with trend lookup tasks. More generally, integrated designs outperformed separated designs (in which the current value representation is spatially separated from the historical trend line). For threshold tasks, color threshold encodings significantly outperformed shaded band encodings. All supplemental materials are available at https://osf.io/wzf6a.

Oral-systemic research often proposes an inflammatory mechanism while relying on measures of accumulated periodontal destruction; because staging records largely irreversible past damage, a treated and stable patient remains classified as Stage III while a patient with less destruction carries a substantially greater current inflammatory burden. This Perspective proposes an inflammatory burden axis for research use alongside clinical classification and introduces inflammatory burden-years, a time-integrated exposure that can be estimated from serial periodontal charting.

As a widely used herbal medicine, the quality of Atractylodis macrocephalae Rhizoma (AMR) is significantly influenced by cultivation practices. However, systematic evaluations comparing the quality of AMR derived from different supply chain sources remain insufficient. This two-year study, conducted in the Daodi region of Pan'an County, Zhejiang Province, comprehensively evaluated AMR samples from five standardized planting bases and five open market retail markets. Assessment parameters included basic quality indicators (moisture, total ash, and extractives), characteristic components (atractylenolides I, II, and III, atractylodin, and atractylon), and safety indicators (pesticide residues). The results showed that moisture (6.70%-14.94%) and total ash (3.19%-4.74%) levels in all samples met the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition). The extractives content ranged from 27.85% to 53.49%, with four retail batches falling below the pharmacopoeial threshold (35.0%). Comprehensive evaluation using violin plots and radar charts revealed that samples from standardized planting bases were generally superior to market samples in characteristic component contents. In terms of safety, pesticide residue levels in standardized base samples were significantly lower than those in retail market samples. These findings demonstrate that the standardized cultivation not only ensures the intrinsic quality of AMR but also reduces safety risks related to pesticide residues. This work provides a scientific basis for strengthening AMR quality control and promoting standardized farming practices, thereby supporting clinical safety and high-quality development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry. Future cost-effectiveness analyses are warranted to comprehensively evaluate the economic viability of standardized cultivation.