Electrochemical C─N coupling of CO2 with nitrogen species offers a sustainable route to urea and related chemicals but is constrained under steady-state electrolysis by mismatched reaction kinetics. Here, pulsed oxidative-reductive electrolysis temporally coordinates CO2 reduction and NH3 oxidation, regulating the generation and coexistence of carbon- and nitrogen-derived intermediates. Co/CuNC, containing atomically dispersed Co and Cu sites within a nitrogen-doped carbon (NC), achieves a total C─N faradaic efficiency of 42 ± 4%, dominated by urea (20 ± 2%) and ethyl urea (16 ± 2%), with respective yield rates (YR) of 295 ± 25 and 50 ± 5 mmol h[-1] gcat [-1]. In situ synchrotron x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveals potential-dependent changes in Cu and Co oxidation states and coordination environments, while in situ infrared spectroscopy identifies pulse-regulated *CO and *NHx intermediates and suggests concurrent electrochemical and Wöhler-type pathways. Density functional theory calculations reveal complementary site functions: Cu favors *NH2 formation, whereas Co more strongly stabilizes *NHx and *CO intermediates, with *CO also accessible at Cu sites. These findings establish temporal coordination of reactant activation, intermediate populations, and active-site states as a mode-enabled strategy for accessing higher-order C─N products.

Ribosome biogenesis is a highly coordinated pathway that involves the assembly of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) with ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) to generate functional ribosomal subunits (r-subunits). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) large 60S r-subunit consists of three rRNA molecules and 46 r-proteins. The contributions of nearly all r-proteins of the yeast large r-subunit have been characterized; however, a few non-essential proteins remain poorly understood. Although non-essential, human eL22 has been identified as a key player in p53 regulation during ribosomal stress and as a highly mutated target in cancers. Despite this function, the role of eL22 in ribosome maturation is still ill-defined. In this study, we characterized yeast eL22 r-protein, which is encoded by two paralogous genes that exhibit markedly different expression levels. Our results show that eL22 assembles into intermediate nucleolar pre-60S ribosomal particles. Loss of eL22 impairs cell growth and reduces 60S r-subunit accumulation, phenotypes that are exacerbated at low temperatures. Analysis of pre-rRNA processing by pulse-chase labeling, northern blot hybridization, and primer extension reveals a defect in 27S pre-rRNA maturation, specifically at the level of 27SB pre-rRNA processing. Consequently, nuclear export of eL22-deficient pre-60S particles is mildly impaired. Furthermore, we identify genetic interactions between eL22 and neighboring r-proteins, eL38 and eL31. We conclude that eL22 assembly is required for optimal pre-60S maturation during middle nucleolar stages, particularly at low temperatures, a function likely supported by the cooperative action of other r-proteins associated with common elements of 25S rRNA.

We quantitatively analyzed shot-to-shot waveform characteristics in a palm-sized Fabry-Pérot (FP)-type gain-switched semiconductor laser diode (GS-LD) module by combining Shannon-entropy- and discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based feature extraction with K-means clustering. The Shannon-entropy-based descriptors capture waveform complexity, whereas the DFT-based descriptors characterize the dominant pulse-train periodicity. The clustering revealed a fundamental-period pulse-train class with pulse intervals of 5.3 ps, an intermediate waveform class, a half-period-like dense pulse-train class with intervals of 2.7 ps, and a minor residual outlier-like class. A simple simulation based on a longitudinal-mode spectrum showed that these waveform clusters can be understood in terms of different degrees of mode-locked-like intermodal phase correlation among the FP longitudinal modes.

Lipid oversupply induces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle (SkM), partly by altering mitochondrial function and dynamics. Although electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) improves insulin signaling in myotubes, the mechanisms contributing to this effect under lipotoxic conditions remain unclear. Thus, we investigated whether EPS restores lipid-induced insulin resistance in association with changes in mitochondrial respiration and dynamics, lipotoxic intermediates and evaluated the contribution of contraction-induced secreted factors, including small extracellular vesicles (sEV). Murine C2C12 myotubes were treated with palmitate (PA, 0.3 mmol/l) and subjected to EPS (1 Hz, 11.5 V) for 24 h. Insulin signaling, mitochondrial dynamics, respiratory capacity and lipotoxic intermediates were assessed by Western blotting, high-resolution respirometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in control (CON) and PA-treated cells before and after EPS. Additionally, CON and PA-treated cells were incubated for 24 h with conditioned media and sEV from unstimulated or EPS-stimulated CON and PA-treated cells to evaluate the effect of the myocellular secretome on AKT signaling. PA reduced insulin-stimulated AKT(Ser473) and (Thr308) phosphorylation, which was partially rescued by EPS. In PA cells, EPS decreased the fusion proteins mitofusin 1 and 2 (MFN1, MFN2) and increased the fission marker dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1). However, mitochondrial respiration and lipid accumulation were unaffected by EPS. Furthermore, conditioned media and sEV from EPS-stimulated cells enhanced AKT phosphorylation in PA-treated cells. These findings demonstrate that attenuation of lipid-induced insulin resistance is independent of mitochondrial respiratory capacity and lipid accumulation, but it is associated with alterations in proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics and is likely mediated by exercise-derived sEV.

The expanded warm dense matter regime, an intermediate state between condensed matter and high-energy-density plasma at low density, remains poorly constrained experimentally, particularly regarding transport properties across the metal-to-nonmetal transition. Here, we explore expanded warm dense aluminum using a newly developed pulsed Joule heating platform combined with first-principles simulations. Using a largely model-independent approach with time-resolved diagnostics, we measure thermodynamic and transport properties from ambient density down to 0.6 g ⋅ cm[-3] and temperatures exceeding 37 kK, providing benchmark data for electrical conductivity and equation-of-state models. Our results reveal electronic state localization associated with the onset of the metal-to-nonmetal transition and show distinct conductivity behaviors depending on the thermodynamic path followed during expansion. Crucially, electronic relaxation time - rather than ionization - dominates conduction in this supercritical regime. These observations advance our understanding of expanded warm dense matter and open perspectives for future studies on alloys and high-Z elements relevant to giant impact modeling and fusion energy.

The value of exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been shown in many clinical scenarios. We have developed a novel MR-compatible exercise device and aim to validate it against the reference standard MR-conventional ergometer. The novel device consisted of two half-pipes fixed to a wooden base, with participants wearing knee-length socks with a 0.5 kg weight in each sock. Increased workload was achieved by increasing the rate of alternating leg flexion and extension in time with a bleep sound of increasing frequency. Twenty subjects (10 healthy volunteers, 10 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension) performed two CMR-augmented cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CMR/CPET) using the novel exercise device and a conventional ergometer in a randomised order. Comparing peak metrics elicited on both exercise devices, there was a moderate correlation in peak oxygen consumption (VO2, r = 0.86, p < 0.001), cardiac output (CO, r = 0.73, p < 0.001), stroke volume (SV, r = 0.90, p < 0.001), peak heart rate (HR, r = 0.65, p = 0.002) and peak arteriovenous oxygen content gradient (ΔavO2, r = 0.71, p < 0.001). However, all metrics were significantly lower with the novel device. Both devices were able to elicit statistically significant differences in VO2, HR and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) between patients and healthy subjects (p ≤ 0.04). We have created a simple, easy to use and affordable exercise device for the CMR environment. This may encourage greater dissemination of exercise CMR in clinical and research practice.