Concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) structures are widely used in modern infrastructure due to their superior strength, ductility, and composite action. However, long-term corrosion of the steel tube, particularly under aggressive environmental conditions, poses significant challenges to their durability and structural performance. This study presents a comprehensive review of corrosion mechanisms and mitigation strategies for CFST structures. The primary corrosion processes, including general corrosion, localized (pitting) corrosion, and circumferential corrosion, are critically examined with emphasis on the influence of chloride ingress, carbonation, marine exposure, and combined environmental actions such as freeze-thaw cycles and sustained loading. The effects of corrosion on structural behavior are analyzed in terms of load-carrying capacity, ductility, buckling resistance, and failure modes. A systematic evaluation of existing mitigation strategies is conducted, encompassing material-based approaches, protective coatings, cathodic protection systems, and structural strengthening techniques such as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM), and steel jacketing. The comparative performance of these methods is assessed based on effectiveness, cost-benefit considerations, service life extension, and practical implement ability. The review highlights that no single mitigation strategy is universally optimal; instead, integrated approaches combining multiple techniques provide the most effective long-term protection. Key research gaps are identified in the areas of long-term performance monitoring, internal corrosion detection, and durability modeling under combined environmental actions. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for the design, maintenance, and rehabilitation of CFST structures, contributing to the development of more durable and sustainable infrastructure systems.

A UV-visible sonochemical dosimetry method based on ascorbic acid (AscA) sono-oxidation was developed to assess cavitation-derived oxidative activity in aerated aqueous solution. AscA was used as a fast-reacting probe for hydroxyl-radical-initiated oxidation and was stabilized against non-sonochemical oxidation by adding 0.2 M NaCl. Its consumption was monitored directly at 262 nm. Experiments were performed in a jacketed sonoreactor at 585, 860, and 1140 kHz using 300 mL of 100 µM AscA solution at 25 ± 1 °C. AscA depletion followed apparent zero-order kinetics under all investigated conditions, indicating that the measured rate was governed mainly by the quasi-steady generation and transfer of cavitation-derived oxidants rather than by the instantaneous AscA concentration. At 585 kHz, the apparent zero-order rate constant increased from 1.58 to 4.23 µM/min when the calorimetric intensity increased from 0.83 to 4.30 W/cm[2]. Energy-density normalization showed that the oxidative response decreased with increasing frequency, with GAscA values of 2.23 × 10[-10], 1.28 × 10[-10], and 1.01 × 10[-10] mol/J at 585, 860, and 1140 kHz, respectively. The sono-oxidation rate was pH-dependent, with an approximately invariant response between pH 4.8 and 8. Non-sonicated aerated controls showed no measurable AscA loss over the experimental time window, whereas under ultrasound the gas-atmosphere effect followed the order air > Ar ≫ N2. This distinction indicates that dissolved O2 enhanced oxygen-mediated sonochemical radical pathways rather than causing appreciable background oxidation of AscA. Comparison with H2O2 formation confirmed that AscA sono-dosimetry provides a complementary measure of the oxidative dose accessible to a dissolved radical scavenger. This method offers a simple, reproducible, and energy-normalized platform for comparing sonochemical activity in acoustic cavitation systems.

Speakers often make choices to alleviate planning difficulty during language production. We investigate the use of adjectives as optional words that speakers can use implicitly and strategically to provide extra planning time during periods of planning difficulty. Speakers described target objects in an array that either contained a different-colored competitor, so producing a color adjective was necessary to identify the target item, or did not have a different-colored competitor. Target items crucially differed in name agreement. Objects with high name agreement have a single, dominant label (candle) and are easier to produce than objects with low name agreement, which have multiple possible labels (coat/jacket). Speakers predictably produced a high rate of adjectives when describing high and low name agreement items in arrays containing a different-color competitor. However, when the array did not contain a different-color competitor, so adjectives were not necessary to identify the target, participants produced more adjectives preceding low name agreement objects. Further, when speakers produced adjectives, the duration of those adjectives were longer preceding low name agreement objects. We interpret these results as suggesting that the use of optional adjectives may sometimes have a speaker-centric motivation, to alleviate planning difficulty during language production.

As the energy sector is the main source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and energy demand is constantly rising, expanding renewable energy sources is imperative. Offshore wind energy is key to this expansion. In the future, more powerful offshore wind farms will be installed in deeper waters. However, this presents new technical and logistical challenges with regard to large-scale substructures. Modular jacket substructures are one possible solution for scalable offshore infrastructure. These require connection systems that are both structurally and technically efficient. Slip joints fulfil these requirements particularly by transferring loads through controlled friction at contacting surfaces rather than through permanent mechanical connectors. This study aims to develop an innovative modular jacket substructure incorporating steel-steel and steel-concrete slip joints. The article focuses on characterising interface behaviour, friction mechanisms, and load-bearing performance across four slip joint material combinations: rolled steel-rolled steel, ground steel-ground steel, rolled steel-concrete, and ground steel-concrete. Surface roughness was quantified using both tactile profilometry and high-resolution 3D scanning, while joint fitting accuracy was assessed exclusively through 3D scan-based geometric analysis. Experimental push-out tests were conducted to determine friction coefficients and load-bearing capacities for each configuration. Additionally, a finite element model was developed to simulate the push-out test and predict the load-bearing capacity. The results revealed that the rolled steel surface exhibited pronounced height fluctuations, irregularity, and distinct macro-waviness. These features promoted mechanical interlocking at the rolled steel-rolled steel interfaces, which in turn led to increasing load resistance and friction coefficients with progressing displacement. In contrast, the other surface combinations exhibited the typical transition from static to kinetic friction. However, the statistical evaluation did not identify significant differences in load-bearing capacity between the material combinations under identical normal stress, and only the rolled steel-rolled steel interface showed a friction coefficient dependent on the applied normal stress. The numerical model captured the observed shear-lag behaviour and reproduced the experimental response with good accuracy. The overall predictive performance of the FE model was demonstrated by a coefficient of determination (R[2]) of 0.87, a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 16.57%, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 17.02. Overall, the ground steel-concrete interface proved the most favourable configuration for slip joint applications, as it provided a balanced combination of frictional resistance, stable sliding behaviour, moderate installation forces, and uniform wear characteristics. These features may facilitate assembly and disassembly while maintaining reliable load transfer, making this configuration a promising option for offshore slip joint connections.

We present a measurement setup designed to characterize the pressure sensitivity of single-mode optical fibers, whether freestanding or embedded within a structure. The system uses an unbalanced interferometer, with its long arm consisting of the fiber under test. This fiber is placed inside an air-sealed chamber and submerged in water. Pressure is modulated in a sinusoidal pattern at 1 Hz by injecting air above the water bath. Because the fiber is fully immersed in a water bath with large thermal capacitance, we expect the temperature fluctuations to be strongly attenuated at 1 Hz; thus, the fiber primarily experiences the applied pressure modulation rather than temperature-induced phase changes. We also detail the data processing method, which leverages the non-linear response of the interferometer to accurately extract the fiber's pressure sensitivity. Using this setup, we characterize five standard optical fibers with different coatings, jackets, and geometries, obtaining pressure sensitivities ranging from 40 to 530 μrad Pa-1 m-1. The experimental results are in good agreement with predictions from a standard model. In addition, we demonstrate the setup capability to measure the pressure sensitivity of more complex samples, for which the model is no longer valid. As an illustration, we study how the fiber pressure sensitivity depends on the embedding depth for fibers inserted into Plexiglas plates. We believe that this experimental characterization setup can be useful for the development of new smart materials relying on fiber sensing.

Antiresonant hollow core fibers are significantly more complex to fabricate than solid core fiber, in part due to the need to maintain the uniformity of the complex microstructure along the entire fiber and the lack of techniques available to profile its geometry non-destructively. In this Letter, we present results showing accurate non-destructive measurements of a hollow core fiber microstructure. By combining two previously reported methods, we overcome the limitations of using either technique alone to yield accurate measurements of crucial geometrical parameters, including the distance between the two fusing points where the capillary microstructure elements meet the surrounding jacket tube and the capillary diameter itself. For the DNANF tested here, this combined method offers a substantial improvement to the middle and outer capillary diameter measurements, reducing the discrepancies from around 6% for each measurement to 0.6% and below.

Isolation of adult mouse ventricular myocytes is essential for studying cardiac physiology and cellular function. Traditional methods commonly rely on Langendorff perfusion systems, which provide continuous retrograde coronary perfusion but require specialized equipment and can be complex to operate. Here, we describe a simplified Langendorff-based protocol that uses a syringe pump-driven system to achieve constant-flow retrograde aortic perfusion during enzymatic digestion. The setup incorporates an inline heater for precise temperature control and uses widely available laboratory components, enabling consistent delivery of digestion enzymes. This approach maintains stable perfusion despite changes in coronary resistance and reduces variability associated with conventional gravity-driven systems. The protocol yields high-quality adult ventricular myocytes suitable for downstream functional analyses, including electrophysiology, contractility, and calcium imaging. Compared with traditional systems, this method is more accessible, reduces technical complexity, and improves reproducibility, facilitating adoption in laboratories without dedicated isolated-heart perfusion infrastructure. Key features • Accessible cardiomyocyte isolation without dedicated Langendorff apparatus, suitable for laboratories with limited perfusion infrastructure. • Constant-flow perfusion overcomes enzyme delivery variability caused by changing coronary resistance during tissue digestion. • Inline heating enables rapid, precise temperature control without water-jacket systems, reducing setup complexity and contamination risk. • Optimized for producing calcium-tolerant adult ventricular myocytes for electrophysiology, contractility, and calcium imaging studies. Alternative methods may be more appropriate for non-cardiomyocyte populations.

Overheating of polymeric cable materials is a major contributor to insulation aging, electrical failure, and fire risk in power systems, particularly in densely installed urban underground cable corridors where heat dissipation is limited and early-stage defects are difficult to identify. Although gas-detection approaches are promising for non-invasive overheating monitoring, their practical value depends on identifying material- and lay-er-specific volatile products and clarifying how their release evolves with temperature and time. Herein, volatile products released from the PVC outer jacket of a YJV22-8.7/15 kV-3 × 185 medium-voltage cable were investigated using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Temperature- and time-dependent evolution was estimated for selected marker species, and the associated degradation behavior was correlated with chemical/structural and electrical changes using ATR-FTIR, KPFM, and dielectric measurements. The number and observed headspace levels of organic components increased substantially with severe overheating, reaching more than 20 dominant components at 200 °C. 2-Ethylhexanol (2-EH) was observed across the studied range and reached approximately 300 × 10[-6] (volume fraction) at 200 °C for 60 min while remaining at or below approximately 50 × 10[-6] at temperatures up to 140 °C. Benzene was observed mainly at severe overheating, whereas DOTP was first observed at 140 °C among the tested conditions, reaching approximately 40 × 10[-6] at 140 °C for 5 min and exceeding 300 × 10[-6] under more severe conditions. KPFM showed surface roughness increasing from 7.70 to 43.39 nm, and the real permittivity increased by up to 13.9% at 50 Hz. These results provide a temperature- and time-resolved headspace dataset for the tested cable outer jacket and relate its organic-gas profile to surface and dielectric changes.

This study explores the similarity of the fragmentation effect of a reactive inner core PELE (RIC-PELE) when penetrating a steel plate by measuring the broken length of the jacket after perforating the steel plate and the dispersion radius of the jacket fragments behind the steel plate. Based on the dimensional theory, the dimensionless functions of these two physical quantities were analyzed and established. On the basis of verifying the validity of numerical simulation, the penetration and deflagration damage effects of five scale models were simulated on the ANSYS/Autodyn 17.0 software platform, and the dimensional analysis was verified. In the obtained dimensionless functions, the independent variables are all geometric dimensionless quantities. The simulation results reveal that, within the impact velocity range of 900-1900 m/s, the dimensionless broken length of the jacket and the dimensionless dispersion radius of jacket fragments behind the target are approximately equal in different scale models at the same velocity; these values fall within error margins of ±7% and ±9% of the reference model, respectively, and both dimensionless quantities exhibit an approximately linear positive relationship with impact velocity. This indicates that when ignoring the size effect caused by the strain rate effect of the materials, the geometric similarity law of the fragmentation effect of a RIC-PELE penetrating a steel plate essentially holds, thereby verifying the correctness of the dimensional analysis.

The conversion of blank‑firing pistols into lethal firearms represents an increasing forensic and public‑safety concern in both the United Kingdom and Turkey. These weapons, typically lawful at point of sale, can be modified with relative ease, and are now frequently encountered in violent crime. When converted using improvised smooth‑bore barrels, the absence of rifling complicates traditional microscopic projectile comparison. This intravariability study examines whether bullets fired from such weapons nonetheless retain reproducible, source‑informative toolmarks suitable for comparison. Fifty‑nine converted pistols submitted to the Istanbul Gendarmerie Criminal Laboratory were assessed. In each case, the factory dummy barrel had been removed forward of the chamber and replaced with a section of tubing to create a smooth‑bore. Nominal bore dimensions included one at 6.35 mm, fifteen at 9 mm, and forty‑three at 7.65 mm. Test‑firing was conducted using full‑metal‑jacket ammunition in 6.35 mm Browning, 7.65 mm Browning, 9 × 17 mm, and 9 × 19 mm calibres. Bullets from 41 of the 59 pistols (≈69.5%) displayed reproducible toolmarks that were sufficiently consistent to support comparative examination. The most informative features were parallel, longitudinal striations extending from base to nose, indicative of firm, consistent bullet-bore contact. Although mark quality varied with the apparent smoothness of the bore, coherent linear detail across multiple axial regions supported robust same‑source conclusions. In the remaining 18 pistols, predominantly cylindrical and shifting patterns prevented reliable alignment, resulting in appropriately inconclusive findings. Practically, microscopic comparison of projectiles from these weapons should be actively considered in casework, with triage prioritising regions that exhibit longitudinally continuous linear striae across the bullet's length.

With marine aquaculture and offshore wind development expanding toward deep and far offshore areas, multifunctional integrated structures attract increasing attention. This study investigates the hydrodynamic response of a suspended net cage supported by a jacket foundation under combined wave-current conditions, focusing on cage motions, cable tensions, and nonlinear behavior at different submerged depths. A flexible numerical model based on the lumped-mass method is developed and validated by physical model tests. Five submerged depths are considered: 0 m and 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the cage depth. Results show that submerged depth strongly affects the critical instability current velocity and cage motion state. Greater submerged depth improves resistance to instability. The cage motion exhibits a three-stage evolution characterized by "no contact-contact-overturning", and the motion and nonlinear response of the bottom marker points vary significantly at different stages. The leeward cable also shows abrupt tension changes during instability due to bottom ring-jacket interaction.

Developing a reliable, long-term electrical interface for implanted bioelectronics is essential for chronic diagnostics, therapeutics, and device maintenance. Here, we introduce the implantable bioelectronic outlet (IBO), a soft, tissue-like electronic interface that enables on-demand, direct ohmic connection between implanted electronics and external devices. IBO is composed of a conducting polymer-coated low-density polymer matrix that is jacketed with a hydrophobic elastomer, allowing repetitive insertion of external electrical contacts without crack propagation. IBO was functional after 1 year of implantation with minimal tissue effects. We demonstrate that IBO enables high-fidelity, bidirectional transmission of signals and power, including low-voltage neurophysiological signals, high-speed digital signals, neurostimulation protocols, and efficient high-current power delivery, validated in small and large animal model studies. The IBO provides a robust and scalable platform for safe, direct, and durable electrical interfacing with implantable bioelectronics.