Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has become a promising tool for rapid and sensitive respiratory pathogen detection. However, relevant reviews remain scarce. This review systematically summarizes the evolution of SERS technology in respiratory pathogen diagnosis from three key aspects: diagnostic target selection, spectral analysis strategy, and multimodal integration. The detection paradigm has advanced from single-target identification to multiple-target detection for co-infection and mutation resistance, and further to cross-species detection focusing on conserved sequences of zoonotic pathogens. Meanwhile, spectral analysis has shifted from single-peak judgment to full-spectrum intelligence combined with artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence-assisted spectral analysis has significantly improved the accuracy and robustness of full-spectrum analysis. In addition, traditional single-modal SERS is evolving into multimodal integrated platforms to break through the limitations of single-modal sensing and detecting complex samples. Finally, this review discusses the challenges and future directions for SERS diagnostic platforms in terms of intelligence and portability.

Intellectual security-understood as critical awareness, balanced judgment, and resilience to manipulative or extremist persuasion-is shaped within digital environments. This study examined university students' perceptions of social media and of media institutions' role in countering extremist discourse.

Pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis is characterized by high prevalence and disability rates, as well as difficulty in early diagnosis, constituting a serious public health problem. The Chinese Society of Tuberculosis (Chinese Medical Association) and the Society of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases (Chinese Preventive Medicine Association) organized multidisciplinary experts in respiratory diseases, occupational diseases, tuberculosis and other related fields to formulate the Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of pneumoconiosis complicated with tuberculosis. This consensus aims to enhance professional practitioners' understanding of the disease, improve the capacity for early clinical diagnosis, and further advance the prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis in China. It summarizes 12 key clinical issues and proposes 13 targeted recommendations to address difficulties and misconceptions in clinical practice. This consensus was registered on the International Practice Guidelines Registry Platform (PREPARE-2024CN271). It aims to enhance the standardized diagnosis and treatment of pneumoconiosis complicated by pulmonary tuberculosis, improve patient outcomes, and provide practical guidance for the prevention and control of occupational and infectious diseases in China. The main recommendations are as follows.Recommendation 1: Clinicians and pathologists are advised to pay attention to the mixed pathological features of pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis. For patients with pneumoconiosis presenting atypical imaging manifestations or poor response to conventional treatment, pathological specimens should be actively obtained to confirm the diagnosis. Combined use of acid-fast staining, Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture or molecular pathological detection is recommended to increase the detection rate (2C).Recommendation 2: When performing chest CT examinations and dynamic follow-up for pneumoconiosis patients, clinicians and radiologists should focus on multifocal and polymorphic lesions, as well as short-term imaging changes suggestive of active tuberculosis (2C).Recommendation 3: For patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pneumoconiosis: (1) Be aware that sputum bacteriological tests may yield false-negative results due to dust interference. Repeated sampling or combined detection methods are recommended, including bacteriological and molecular tests on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained via bronchoscopy. Results of immunological assays such as the interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) and tuberculin skin test (TST)shall also be combined for comprehensive judgment. (2) In cases with atypical imaging findings and clinical symptoms, bronchoscopy-guided pathological sampling (e.g., EBUS-GS [endobronchial ultrasound with guide sheath], ENB [electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy]) is prioritized. When microbiological evidence is insufficient, percutaneous lung biopsy or pleural biopsy (for patients with pleural effusion) is suggested to clarify the diagnosis (2B).Recommendation 4: The diagnosis of pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis shall follow the integrated diagnostic principle. Provided that patients meet the national diagnostic criteria for pneumoconiosis and pulmonary tuberculosis respectively, a comprehensive assessment shall be conducted combining occupational exposure history, dynamic imaging changes and laboratory results. Patients shall be stratified for managementaccording to the activity of tuberculosis (2C).Recommendation 5: For differential diagnosis between pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease: (1) NTM lung disease commonly involves the apical and anterior segments of the upper lobes, the right middle lobe and the lingular segment of the left upper lobe. Typical imaging manifestations include a combination of centrilobular nodules and bronchiectasis. (2) Multiple thin-walled cavities are frequently seen in silicosis complicated with NTM lung disease. (3) Pathologically, NTM lesions are dominated by epithelioid granulomas with inconspicuous caseous necrosis. (4) Definitive diagnosis relies on mycobacterial culture and species identification, complying with combined clinical, imaging and microbiological criteria (2C).Recommendation 6: For patients with pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis who present progressively enlarged cavities or newly developed cavities accompanied by aggravated symptoms after anti-tuberculosis treatment, radiologists shall evaluate imaging signs of pulmonary aspergillosis, such as the early halo sign and the late air crescent sign within cavities (2C).Recommendation 7: For patients with suspected pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary aspergillosis: (1) Bronchoscopy is performed to collect BALF or tissue specimens for fungal culture and pathological examination (gold standard). (2) Conduct BALF galactomannan (GM) test, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) or other DNA detection assays. (3) Detect serum specific antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus (e.g., IgE-m3, IgM) (1A).Recommendation 8: For patients with pneumoconiosis complicated with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis: (1) Adopt the standard first-line four-drug anti-tuberculosis regimen. (2) Ensure a sufficient treatment course (generally ≥6-8 months). (3) Extend the treatment course to≥9-12 months for patients with severe lesions or concomitant tracheal, pleural or extrapulmonary tuberculosis, so as to improve clinical outcomes and reduce recurrence (2A).Recommendation 9: For patients receiving concurrent treatment for pneumoconiosis (including tetrandrine, nintedanib, pirfenidone, glucocorticoids, bronchodilators, etc.) and rifampicin-containing anti-tuberculosis regimens: (1) Be aware that rifampicin, a potent hepatic enzyme inducer, may accelerate the metabolism of concomitant drugs such as glucocorticoids and nintedanib and reduce their efficacy. (2) Adjust the dose of affected drugs accordingly when rifampicin is initiated or discontinued (1B).Recommendation 10: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may be used as a bridge to lung transplantation only for end-stage pneumoconiosis patients complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis awaiting transplantation (2D).Recommendation 11: For end-stage patients with pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis who have received adequate and standard anti-tuberculosis therapy, the feasibility of lung transplantation shall be evaluated. Pre-transplant precautions: (1) Ensure complete control of active tuberculosis. (2) Optimize the anti-tuberculosis regimen (e.g., replace rifampicin with rifabutin) to maintain the effective concentration of immunosuppressants (2D).Recommendation 12: For patients with severe, end-stage pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis who no longer benefit from active treatment, palliative care and hospice care shall be initiated. Clinicians and medical teams shall communicate fully with patients and their families about the condition, prognosis, treatment options and medical burden. The core goals are to relieve symptoms, alleviate suffering and improve quality of life (2D).Recommendation 13: For patients with pneumoconiosis complicated with tuberculosis who meet the indications for surgical or interventional therapy, a multidisciplinary team shall conduct joint decision-making and implement treatment in a timely manner after full assessment of pulmonary function, nutritional status and surgical risks. Surgical treatment is mainly indicated for patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis with localized lesions, persistent cavitary lesions with ongoing mycobacterial excretion, destroyed lung, massive hemoptysis unresponsive to medical treatment, tuberculous empyema and other critical conditions. Interventional therapy can be applied for emergency treatment of massive hemoptysis, as well as palliative treatment for pulmonary artery stenosis secondary to tuberculosis or pneumoconiosis (2C).

Autonomous laboratories increasingly enable materials synthesis at scale, but traditional high-throughput characterization workflows remain limited by the need for expert chemical intuition to distinguish plausible interpretations from formally good but chemically incorrect fits. We present an automated interpretation framework that combines probabilistic inference with automated chemical reasoning for phase identification from powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD). The framework evaluates multiple candidate interpretations using diffraction pattern-based metrics. It then refines these likelihoods using chemically-informed priors derived from composition balance and a large language model (LLM)-based plausibility estimate with human-readable justification and also produces a trustworthiness score. In a blinded multi-project benchmark, the framework's top-ranked interpretation was selected over the lowest- R wp baseline in 93% of cases where evaluators expressed a clear preference (95% CI: [78%, 98%], n = 30). Trust decisions made by the framework aligned with expert judgment in approximately 75%-80% of cases. In a second evaluation, the framework systematically identified cases where lowest- R wp interpretations were chemically implausible and surfaced credible alternatives to historically ambiguous samples. By reframing phase identification as a problem of probabilistic reasoning and trust-aware decision making, this work demonstrates how chemical intuition can be automated and scaled.

Research on sexual assault judgements has shown that extra-evidentiary cues influence perceptions of victims' credibility and responsibility. This study examined how physical attractiveness, rape myth acceptance (RMA), participant sex and cultural context shape victim blame judgements in samples from the United States, Hungary and Türkiye (N = 979). Participants evaluated sexual assault vignettes depicting different perpetrator-victim attractiveness pairings and completed the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Victim blame was highest when an unattractive victim was paired with an attractive perpetrator. Turkish participants attributed greater blame to victims than did participants from the United States and Hungary, whereas the participants' sex had no overall effect. Controlling for RMA eliminated the attractiveness effect, suggesting that appearance-based judgements are rooted in rape myth schemas rather than independent attractiveness biases. Mediation analyses showed that RMA explained the relationship between participant sex and victim blaming across nearly all conditions and accounted for the differences between the Hungarian and US samples. However, RMA did not explain the elevated victim blaming observed in the Turkish sample. These findings support a schema-based interpretation of rape myths and suggest that cultural differences in victim blaming reflect additional sociocultural influences beyond rape myth endorsement.