Rates, percentages, and proportions are common outcomes in psychology and the social sciences. These outcomes are often analyzed using models that assume normality, but this practice overlooks important features of the data, such as their natural bounds at 0 and 1. As a result, estimates can become distorted. In contrast, treating such outcomes as beta-distributed respects these limits and can yield more accurate estimates. Despite these advantages, the use of beta models in applied research remains limited. Our goal is to provide researchers with practical guidance for adopting beta regression models, illustrated with an example drawn from the psychological literature. We begin by introducing the beta distribution and beta regression, emphasizing key components and assumptions. Next, using data from a learning and memory study, we demonstrate how to fit a beta regression model in R with the Bayesian package {brms} and how to interpret results on the response scale using the packages {marginaleffects} and {easystats}. We also discuss model extensions, including zero-inflated, zero- and one-inflated, and ordered beta models. Basic familiarity with regression modeling and R is assumed. To promote wider adoption of these methods, we provide detailed code and materials at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830595 . For researchers preferring a frequentist framework, we include an appendix demonstrating equivalent analyses using {glmmTMB}.

The criticism has been made of hyperbaric medicine that treatment is based on little or no good clinical evidence. Recently, improved awareness among medical practitioners of the importance of evidence has highlighted this perception, as has the proliferation of both funder-generated reviews and technology assessments [1-3]. In fact, many clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the application of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy have been reported, albeit of variable quality. It is the purpose of this review to describe the place of RCTs within the practice of evidence-based medicine (EBM), summarize the methods by which such trials can be located, discuss the appraisal and performance of RCTs with specific reference to hyperbaric medicine, and to provide a list of RCTs and meta-analyses in hyperbaric medicine to date.

Amyand's hernia is defined as the presence of the vermiform appendix within an inguinal hernia and becomes particularly challenging when appendicitis progresses to perforation and extra-abdominal sepsis. We report a 60-year-old man with one week of progressive abdominal pain, reduced appetite, constipation, and impaired ambulation followed by three days of painful right inguinoscrotal enlargement. Examination showed an irreducible, inflamed right inguinoscrotal mass. Laboratory testing demonstrated leukocytes of 19.35 × 10[3]/µL, neutrophils of 92%, and bands of 13%. Ultrasonography showed a right inguinal wall defect with non-reducing omentum and bowel and complex scrotal contents. Emergency inguinal exploration drained approximately 400 mL of frank purulent material and demonstrated severe ischemic changes of the right spermatic cord and testis. Given the extent of the operative findings, midline laparotomy was performed; a retroperitoneal abscess communicating with the inguinal region and a gangrenous perforated appendix were identified, with the perforation approximately 1.5 cm from the appendiceal base. Appendectomy, retroperitoneal and scrotal drainage, Penrose drain placement, right orchiectomy for nonviability, and Shouldice tissue repair without mesh were performed. Recovery was favorable without known immediate complications. This case illustrates a severe Type III Amyand's hernia with simultaneous retroperitoneal and inguinoscrotal septic extension and irreversible testicular ischemia. In grossly contaminated presentations, prompt source control, excision of nonviable tissue, and nonprosthetic hernia repair remain pragmatic priorities.

Acute abdomen is a common surgical emergency with multiple etiologies; acute appendicitis and perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) are among the common. Valentino's syndrome is a rare condition in which patients with PPU present with clinical features of acute appendicitis due to the flow of gastric contents along the right paracolic gutter, causing inflammation of the appendix. Diagnosis is often delayed and made during surgery. We discuss a case of a 25-year-old male who presented with acute pain in the right lower quadrant. Initial assessment pointed toward acute appendicitis; however, on further evaluation, the patient was found to have a perforated prepyloric ulcer with 500 mL of seropurulent peritoneal fluid and an inflamed appendix. He underwent Graham's patch repair of the prepyloric ulcer along with peritoneal lavage and appendectomy. Histopathology of the appendix revealed features suggestive of acute appendicitis, and biopsy from the prepyloric ulcer revealed an active ulcer with few Helicobacter pylori-like organisms, hence supporting the diagnosis of H. pylori-associated peptic ulcer. Post-operatively, the patient was initiated on H. pylori eradication therapy, and his recovery was uneventful. This case highlights the importance of clinical assessment and remaining alert for other possible etiologies of right lower quadrant pain in atypical presentations. Valentino's syndrome, although rare, must still be considered in such cases of right lower quadrant pain with discrepancies in initial investigations and clinical findings. Often, Valentino's syndrome is treated as acute appendicitis; however, prompt re-assessment and in-depth evaluation of the patient followed by timely surgical intervention can lead to optimal outcomes.

[Box: see text]Living guidelines are developed for selected topic areas with rapidly evolving evidence that drives frequent change in recommended clinical practice. Living guidelines are updated on a regular schedule by a standing expert panel that systematically reviews the health literature on a continuous basis, as described in the ASCO Guidelines Methodology Manual. ASCO Living Guidelines follow the ASCO Conflict of Interest Policy Implementation for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Living Guidelines and updates are not intended to substitute for independent professional judgment of the treating clinician and do not account for individual variation among patients. See appendix for disclaimers and other important information (Appendix I and Appendix II). Updates are published regularly and can be found on the ASCO Publications website.

A 66-year-old white male with a history of diverticulosis and prediabetes presented with right lower quadrant (RLQ) abdominal pain lasting 1 month. On physical examination, the abdomen was soft without tenderness or palpable masses. CT imaging showed an enlarged appendix with a diameter of 1 cm with no surrounding inflammation. A laparoscopic appendectomy was performed, and the patient's symptoms resolved within 3 weeks. Histopathology revealed lipomatosis of the appendix, an extraordinarily rare diagnosis which has only been reported five times prior to our case. This case study aims to increase available information on this disease to aid future diagnosis and treatment.

Amongst the most central results in proof theory are normal-form results for deductions. Such results were first presented, not by David Hilbert, who first formulated the idea of a mathematical theory of mathematical proofs (in 1904), but by Paul Hertz (in 1922). Hertz' work (and relationship to Hilbert) has not received the attention it deserves. I discuss both in detail, as well as the theoretical role normal-form results play within proof theory. An unpublished manuscript by Heinrich Behmann commenting on Hertz' work is published (with translation) as an appendix.

Zoos increasingly position themselves as conservation organizations, yet it remains unclear whether their species-planning decisions reflect recognized conservation priorities. This is the first global, species‑level assessment of whether changes in species status across three major criteria (IUCN Red List, CITES appendix listings and ex situ management programmes) affect zoo collections. Using historical holdings data from 613 zoological institutions (1990-2021) combined with conservation datasets, we evaluated trends in the number of institutions holding 7240 tetrapod species. Linear models quantified species-specific trajectories to determine whether shifts in conservation status were associated with predictable changes in holder numbers. Most species did not show changes in holders following a change in criteria. Species that were up-listed to higher conservation concern did not consistently increase in holders, and down-listed species were rarely phased out. Ex situ management programmes showed the strongest association with positive trends, yet these programmes often included species with non-conservation roles. This study suggests that while zoos increasingly position themselves as conservation-focused institutions, their species-planning decisions do not consistently align with changes in formal conservation criteria, highlighting a gap between conservation prioritization and real-world ex situ decisions. Standardization of institutional species-planning and evaluation can benefit zoo decision-making and strengthen contributions to conservation.