Hordeolum is usually self-limited, but a subset of patients develop persistent, symptomatic induration or prefer to avoid incision and curettage in the cosmetically sensitive eyelid. Currently, treatment methods for hordeolum mainly include local warm compresses, local or systemic antibiotic therapy, and abscess incision and drainage. We describe a small case series of 4 female patients with eyelid inflammatory nodules within the hordeolum-chalazion spectrum treated with local injection of 6-fold diluted 5-fluorouracil. Clinical response and adverse events were recorded. Two patients achieved complete clinical resolution within 3 to 7 days after a single injection. One bilateral case improved rapidly after the initial injection; the right-sided lesion resolved by day 7, whereas a left-sided induration persisted despite a second injection and remained essentially unchanged at follow-up. One long-standing post-incision-and-drainage case showed marked reduction by day 2 and further improvement by day 7 but did not completely resolve. No treatment-related adverse events were observed, and no recurrence was noted in cases with complete resolution during follow-up. Local injection of 6-fold diluted 5-fluorouracil may represent a potential minimally invasive option for selected patients with persistent eyelid inflammatory nodules. Responses were variable in this small uncontrolled series; further controlled studies are warranted to clarify efficacy, optimal dosing, and safety.

Brucellosis is a zoonosis acquired direct contact with infected animals or by consumption of unpasteurized animal by-products. The most common complications involve the musculoskeletal system, such as sacroiliitis or vertebral osteomyelitis. However, skin and soft tissue involvement is uncommon, and cervical abscess are rarely reported. We report the case of a 19-year-old male patient, with no medical history, from the metropolitan region of Caracas, Venezuela, with no history of travel or direct contact with farm animals, but regular consumption of cheese. In July 2024, he presented with undulating fever, hypor1exia and general malaise. One month later his fever intensified, preceded by chills, followed by the development of a painful, erythematous, warm swelling in the anterior neck, which evolved into an abscess requiring drainage. Purulent material yielded Brucella abortus biovar 1 confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The patient received Rifampicin and Doxycycline with full recovery. To our knowledge, this is the first recorded case of human brucellosis with this presentation in Venezuela, and the first reported case of cervical abscess caused by Brucella abortus. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining epidemiological surveillance of brucellosis and strengthening quality control and hygiene measures throughout the dairy production and distribution chain.

Postpartum soft-tissue infections are uncommon and rarely involve deep intramuscular sites. We present a case of a 28-year-old postpartum woman, a woman with a history of intravenous drug use, who developed a swollen, painful, and warm right thigh two weeks after giving birth. Noncontrast CT and US demonstrated a large intramuscular fluid collection within the biceps femoris, with thick walls and surrounding inflammatory changes. Contrast-enhanced MRI confirmed a liquefactive intramuscular abscess showing high signal on DWI and low signal on ADC without bone marrow edema or signs of necrotizing fasciitis. Femoral and popliteal veins were patent, excluding deep vein thrombosis. Prompt surgical drainage and antibiotic therapy led to full recovery. This case underscores the clinical relevance of considering intramuscular abscesses in postpartum women with sepsis or localized thigh pain and highlights the diagnostic value of MRI, particularly DWI/ADC sequences, for accurate characterization and exclusion of osteomyelitis or necrotizing fasciitis.

Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection, with over 14 million documented cases in the United States annually. This condition accounts for approximately $3.7 billion in ambulatory care costs and 650,000 hospitalizations annually. Cellulitis typically presents as a poorly demarcated, warm, erythematous area with associated edema and tenderness to palpation (see Image. Cellulitis).  Cellulitis is an acute bacterial infection causing inflammation of the deep dermis and surrounding subcutaneous tissue. The infection is without an abscess or purulent discharge. Beta-hemolytic streptococci most commonly cause cellulitis, typically group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), followed by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Patients who are immunocompromised, colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), bitten by animals, or have comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus may become infected with other bacteria. If the clinician correctly identifies and promptly treats cellulitis, the condition resolves with appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Demand for penile enhancement-driven by cosmetic and psychological goals-is rising, and complications are increasingly encountered in urologic practice. This review offers practical, procedure-focused guidance on diagnosing and managing adverse events after injectable fillers, self-injection of foreign substances, dermal matrices, autologous fat transfer, and the subcutaneous silicone Penuma implant. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the most commonly used filler and, when applied with standardized, low-volume protocols, generally has lower complication rates than polylactic acid (PLA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), silicone, or nonmedical self-injected materials. Typical HA-related issues include migration, nodules, Tyndall effect, phimosis, and infection; management emphasizes early massage/modeling, warm compresses, judicious hyaluronidase for confirmed HA, antibiotics with drainage for abscess, and selective surgical excision for refractory nodules. Permanent fillers and self-injected substances are associated with granuloma, necrosis, infection, lymphedema, and disfiguring inflammation; these often require wide excision down to Buck's fascia with reconstructive strategies such as split-thickness skin grafts or scrotal/dartos flaps. For dermal matrix and fat transfer, complications include edema, hematoma, infection (commonly Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli), necrosis, contour deformity, and rare fat embolism; treatment ranges from compression and local debridement to staged reconstruction. The Penuma implant presents device-specific problems-seroma, infection, distal flaring with impending erosion, capsular contracture, curvature, and shortening-managed with antibiotics, wound care, traction or vacuum therapy, revision, or explantation with postoperative rehabilitation; salvage in frank infection is not described. Across modalities, prevention hinges on patient selection, informed consent with expectation management, sterile technique, and adherence to standardized injection/implant protocols. Timely recognition of early versus late complications and use of clear algorithms can preserve cosmesis and function. This review distills current data and referral-center experience into actionable steps for clinicians who perform or manage complications of penile enhancement procedures.

Five previously healthy horses in Korea, including a 19-year-old mixed-breed gelding, a 16-year-old mixed-breed mare, a 13-year-old Thoroughbred gelding, a 12-year-old Belgian warmblood mare, and a 12-year-old Andalusian mare, developed subcutaneous abscesses in the left neck after receiving intramuscular vaccination without prior skin disinfection. The vaccination used was Equivac® 2 in1, containing Clostridium tetani toxoid and Streptococcus equi cell-free extract. Within one week, the horses developed localised swelling and/or abscessation at the injection site. One case involved a ruptured abscess, while the others presented with warm, mildly painful, and non-fluctuant swellings. No foreign bodies were palpable at the injection sites. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures were performed using 5 % defibrinated sheep blood agar, and the isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Aerococcus viridans, Acinetobacter pseudolwoffii, Arthrobacter koreensis, and Paenarthrobacter aurescens, all of which were consistent with commensal or environmental flora. PCR testing was negative for Streptococcus equi. In this cohort, post-injection abscesses occurred in 5 out of 70 horses (7.1 %) and were associated with commensal and environmental bacterial species, suggesting these cases likely resulted from procedural lapses rather than a direct vaccine-related reaction. Although the benefit of alcohol swabbing is debated in human medicine, this practice may offer important benefits under variable hygienic conditions in equine field settings. Accordingly, disinfecting the injection site with an alcohol- or disinfectant-soaked swab should be considered a routine precaution to minimise post-injection complications in horses.

Acute sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses. Because sinus passages are contiguous with the nasal passages, rhinosinusitis is often a more appropriate term. Acute rhinosinusitis is a common diagnosis, accounting for approximately 30 million primary care visits and $11 billion in healthcare expenditure annually. It is also a common reason for antibiotic prescriptions in the United States and throughout the world. Due to recent guidelines and concerns for antibiotic resistance and the judicious use of antibiotics, it is essential to have clear treatment algorithms available for such a common diagnosis.[1][2] Rhinosinusitis can be classified into the following groups (based more on consensus rather than empirical research) [3]: 1. Acute - symptoms lasting less than 4 weeks. 2. Subacute - symptoms last between 4 and 12 weeks. 3. Chronic - symptoms lasting more than 12 weeks. 4. Recurrent - four episodes lasting less than 4 weeks with complete symptom resolution between episodes.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis often presents as lymphadenitis. In the head and neck area, tuberculous involvement of the parotid gland is rare and challenging to diagnose due to non-specific symptoms, which can be confused with a tumour. Tuberculous conjunctivitis, although uncommon, should be considered in cases of chronic, treatment-resistant conjunctivitis. The association of primary parotid and conjunctival tuberculosis is exceptional. They are difficult to diagnose due to the non-specificity of their clinical, biological and radiological signs. We report the case of a 24-year-old immunocompetent patient with no history of tuberculosis, who presented with intermittent swelling of the left parotid gland, accompanied by unilateral redness of the eye, which appeared 2 months later, in a context of fever and night sweats. The patient also reported a foreign body sensation in his eye, mild tearing and photophobia. Clinical examination revealed painful, warm swelling of the left parotid gland, as well as localized granulomatous conjunctivitis. Cervico-parotid CT and MRI revealed two well-limited, oval, left parotid formations with a slightly thickened and enhanced wall after injection of gadolinium, suggestive a priori of abscessed collections. The diagnosis of primary parotid and conjunctival tuberculosis was made on the basis of histological examination of the biopsies, as well as direct examination, culture and GeneXpert. The patient progressed well on anti-bacillary treatment. Our work underlines the great importance of GeneXpert, which is a rapid and highly sensitive technique, effective in the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Parotitis, the most common inflammatory condition affecting the major salivary glands, refers to swelling or inflammation of the parotid glands and may present as a localized issue or a manifestation of a systemic illness. This condition arises from various causes, including infections, ductal obstruction, autoimmune or metabolic diseases, medications, and structural abnormalities. Clinically, parotitis is typically painful and presents with unilateral glandular swelling and reduced salivary flow, except in cases associated with HIV, metabolic causes, and some salivary gland tumors. Additional symptoms may include fever, chills, headache, sore throat, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Viral or bacterial infections are typically the primary cause of acute parotitis. Common viral pathogens include mumps, influenza, parainfluenza, coxsackievirus, echovirus, and HIV. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species are the most common bacterial causes. Additional causes of acute parotitis are mechanical obstruction from salivary stones or ductal strictures, external beam radiation, contrast exposure, and radioiodine treatment. Chronic parotitis often results from recurrent infections; autoimmune conditions, such as Sjögren disease or sarcoidosis; tumors; and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus. Additional risk factors include tuberculosis, inflammatory disorders, dehydration, malnutrition, immunosuppression, and medications that reduce salivary flow. Although uncommon, complications may include facial nerve palsy, sepsis, Lemierre syndrome, osteomyelitis, and multiorgan failure. Diagnosis is primarily clinical but supported by imaging, with ultrasound commonly used to confirm glandular inflammation and detect underlying issues such as stones, abscesses, or tumors. Additional imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is necessary in suspected cases of malignancy or sialolithiasis. Gram stain and culture of purulent material, obtained by gland massage or ultrasound-guided aspiration, can guide antibiotic selection. Laboratory testing is generally unnecessary and reserved for patients with likely underlying autoimmune disorders. Treatment is guided by the underlying etiology. Suppurative parotitis warrants hospitalization and intravenous (IV) antibiotics due to the risk of deep tissue involvement. Supportive care may include warm compresses; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; sialogogues, such as pilocarpine to stimulate salivary flow; and sialendoscopy to clear ductal debris. In cases that are chronic or refractory, parotidectomy may be necessary.