The simultaneous electrochemical determination of co-formulated drugs with overlapping oxidation potentials poses a significant analytical challenge. This work reports the development and validation of a chemometrics-assisted voltammetric method for the concurrent analysis of ipratropium bromide (IPRA) and salbutamol (SAL) in their pharmaceutical combination and for SAL monitoring in urine. Using a copper(II) oxide-modified screen-printed electrode (CuO/SPE) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), well-defined but overlapping oxidation signals were obtained for both analytes in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 5.0). To deconvolute these signals, a partial least squares (PLS-1) regression model was constructed. A genetic algorithm (GA) was critically employed as a variable selection tool, successfully identifying the most informative potential windows, reducing the dataset by approximately 30-36% (130 vs. 184 variables for IPRA and 118 vs. 184 for SAL), and simplifying the PLS-1 model from 6 to 5 latent variables for IPRA and from 5 to 4 for SAL. The optimized GA-PLS-1 model accurately quantified both drugs in synthetic mixtures and a commercial inhalant solution. Its practical utility was demonstrated through determination of SAL in spiked urine, achieving sub-picomolar detection in a complex biological matrix. This proof-of-concept application underscores the platform's extraordinary sensitivity and its potential for adaptation to clinical monitoring and anti-doping workflows following validation at regulatory-relevant concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were utilized to characterize the surface morphology, electrochemical behavior and structural properties of the modified electrode. Furthermore, a comprehensive sustainability and innovation assessment using AGSA, CaFRI, a novel % circularity framework, and VIGI confirms the method's demonstrably superior sustainability profile and innovation, achieving a circularity score of 77.8% compared to 11.1-33.3% for reported chromatographic methods. This work showcases the power of combining intelligent variable selection with electroanalysis to create a precise, rapid, and sustainable tool for pharmaceutical and bioanalytical monitoring.

A 53-year-old Black woman was referred to the pulmonary clinic for progressively worsening exertional dyspnea over the past 3 years and a chronic nonproductive cough. She had a history of childhood asthma, with 2 prior hospitalizations, as well as an unspecified nasal surgery 20 years ago. She was diagnosed with bronchiectasis 10 years ago by her primary care physician and was compliant with airway clearance techniques, including nebulized hypertonic (7%) saline and albuterol-ipratropium and a positive expiratory pressure handheld device. Review of systems was positive for fatigue, seasonal allergies, occasional heartburn, and occasional stiffness of the small joints of the hands. She had a family history of asthma in her cousin and sarcoidosis in her father; her mother had a significant smoking history and was deceased from complications of lung cancer. She had no history of occupational exposures, no pets, and no significant travel history.

Intranasal delivery is a method of administering medications through the nasal cavity. It offers several advantages, such as rapid absorption, bypassing first-pass metabolism, direct nose-to-brain transport and localized effects. These benefits make it a promising approach for drug delivery in Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain. This review evaluates the efficacy and safety of intranasal delivery for Parkinson's disease treatment. Several studies on intranasal apomorphine reported rapid clinical response, improved UPDRS motor scores, tapping scores, and median Webster's scores, suggesting its effectiveness as a rescue therapy during "off" states. Intranasal recombinant erythropoietin was well tolerated and showed cognitive benefits. intranasal glutathione was safe and showed better bioavailability. Intranasal insulin improved cognitive performance without hypoglycemia, indicating a localized effect. Intranasal cholecystokinin and ipratropium bromide did not show significant benefits. Intranasal desmopressin is a safe and effective medication for nocturnal polyuria in Parkinson disease. Intranasal transplantation of neural stem cells is safe and is associated with functional improvement. Finally, Rivastigmine nasal spray offered better bioavailability and fewer side effects compared with conventional forms. The most common adverse effect was mild transient nasal or throat irritation. This review highlights the potential applications, efficacy, and side effects of various intranasal medications for Parkinson's disease and proposes using new interventions for future studies. The general benefits of nasal administration for Parkinson's disease treatment include localized effects, fewer side effects, faster onset of action, improved bioavailability, and enhanced therapeutic effectiveness.

The interactions of inhaled drugs with lung surfactant are important for understanding their behavior at the first biological barrier of the respiratory tract. In this work, we investigated the effect of the anticholinergic bronchodilator, ipratropium bromide (IPB), on model lung surfactant membranes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), and their 8:2 molar mixture. Langmuir monolayer studies showed that ipratropium bromide has little influence on zwitterionic DPPC, while it interacts strongly with negatively charged DPPG, leading to concentration-dependent expansion of the monolayer, stabilization of the liquid-expanded phase, and a shift of the phase diagram toward higher surface pressures. For the mixed DPPC:DPPG 8:2 model, the effect of the drug was moderate and mainly visible at low surface pressures, where it fluidized the layer and delayed the development of condensed domains. Brewster angle microscopy confirmed these observations by revealing altered domain morphology for DPPC, extended phase coexistence and circular domains for DPPG, and reduced condensation of the mixed model in the presence of ipratropium at lower surface pressures. Compression-expansion experiments mimicking the breathing cycle demonstrated that IPB decreases the reversibility of the mixed monolayer and promotes aggregate formation. GIXD and XRR measurements showed that it does not alter the in-plane or vertical structure of DPPC, but significantly affects DPPG by inducing structural features characteristic of lower-pressure phases and slightly increasing electron density in the headgroup region. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed preferential localization of ipratropium bromide near DPPG headgroups, driven mainly by electrostatic interactions.

While guidelines recommend intravenous magnesium (IVMg) for refractory pediatric acute asthma, evidence for benefit is scant and disparate. IVMg therapy is resource-intensive and can cause hypotension. To determine if IVMg alters the exacerbation course, it must be given early, and the clinical effect measured at the peak effect of routine co-interventions.