Reducing methane emissions from dairy cattle has gained considerable attention due to its dual benefits of improving feed efficiency and mitigating climate change. Consequently, phenotyping methane emissions in dairy populations has become increasingly important to enable direct genomic selection for lower methane emissions in breeding programs. Sniffer devices are receiving growing attention and are currently being deployed on commercial farms. However, these devices do not measure airflow and therefore provide methane concentration measurements rather than direct estimates of methane production. In this study, a new method is proposed to estimate individual cow methane production from sniffer device data that does not rely on regression on production traits and can therefore be classified as a Tier 3 approach. This novel methane production trait was derived using sniffer measurements collected in two dairy cattle populations: Spain (n = 1576) and The Netherlands (n = 2470). The proposed trait was compared with two alternative methane production estimates derived from production traits, representing a Tier 2 and an existing Tier 3 method. Phenotypic correlations between the Tier 3 traits were high (R > 0.90), whereas correlations between the Tier 2 and Tier 3 methods were substantially lower, ranging from 0.04 to 0.44. Strong agreement was observed between herd-level averages of the Tier 3 traits, while discrepancies between Tier 2 and Tier 3 estimates were more pronounced. Overall, the Tier 2 equation yielded higher methane production estimates than those obtained from sniffer-based Tier 3 traits. Heritability estimates for the Tier 3 traits ranged from 0.06 to 0.13, whereas a higher heritability (0.18-0.22) was observed for the Tier 2 trait, with standard errors between 0.02 and 0.03. Repeatability estimates were greater for the Tier 3 traits, with values ranging from 0.54 to 0.58 in Spain and from 0.25 to 0.29 in The Netherlands. The Tier 2 trait also exhibited a high repeatability (0.55-0.80). We propose this new sniffer-based Tier 3 trait as an alternative methane production phenotype that is not derived from individual production traits, thereby reducing the risk of spurious associations between methane emissions and yield-related traits. The proposed phenotype showed strong agreement with previously used Tier 3 traits and exhibited comparable heritability estimates. Nevertheless, several limitations must be acknowledged. In particular, this trait provides an estimate of methane production rather than a direct measurement, as current sniffer devices cannot capture the complete expiration or eructation plume. Despite these limitations, the trait enables the estimation of genetic trends and the prediction of breeding values expressed in biologically meaningful units. As such, it represents a valuable tool for supporting mitigation strategies and informing breeding policies aimed at reducing methane emissions from dairy cattle.

The aim of this clinical consensus statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Aorta and Peripheral Vascular Diseases, the Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, the Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation & Right Ventricular Function, and the European Society of Vascular Medicine is to summarize existing evidence on lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) in primary and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE, which comprises deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), shares common risk factors with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). While anticoagulation is the mainstay in the management of patients with VTE, it may be appropriate to define LLT as risk modifier in primary prevention of VTE in populations at high cardiovascular risk. In patients with VTE, assessment of cardiovascular risk factors, including lipid levels, is commonly part of routine cardiovascular care in accordance with existing ESC Guidelines. Finally, this clinical consensus statement highlights the gaps in evidence and the need for large-scale studies directly investigating the role of LLT in secondary prevention of recurrent VTE in high-risk populations.

The accidental ingestion of automotive lubrication grease presents a distinct clinical challenge due to its high-viscosity semi-solid matrix and thickener profile. They are chemically complex, characterized by long, open carbon chains, a metallic salt group, and potentially toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Given its common domestic availability, automotive grease represents a source of potential accidental poisoning. This report details the case of a 5-year-old girl who ingested automotive lubrication grease and subsequently developed acute gastroenteritis. Her symptoms included abdominal pain, excessive bowel movements, excessive salivation, and belching. At presentation, she was fully conscious but displayed irritability and stress. Initial investigations proved inconclusive, failing to yield a definitive diagnosis. Patient stabilization was successfully achieved through oral water intake for irrigation and intravenous fluid administration. Significant improvement was observed following the administration of ondansetron and prednisolone. A complete remission occurred once the ingested substance was passed in the stools. This is a rare and significant clinical presentation of pediatric ingestion of automotive grease with successful conservative management. The case emphasizes the importance of timely intervention and meticulous follow-up in managing unusual toxic exposures in emergency settings.

Methane (CH4) emissions from dairy cattle contribute substantially to agricultural greenhouse gas production and are influenced by genetic, physiological, environmental and management-related factors. The present study investigated CH4-related traits and genotype-system interactions in Holstein Friesian (HF) dairy cows using repeated laser methane detector (LMD)-based measurements. A total of 134 cows from one research herd reflecting a commercial production system were repeatedly recorded for CH4 traits (739 observations per trait) between 2020 and 2024 and linked with milk performance test-day data, behavioral observations, environmental measurements and genomic breeding values. CH4 traits were derived separately for respiration- and eructation-related emissions. Generalized linear mixed models revealed significant effects of wind speed, rumination behavior, interaction behavior and days in milk on several CH4 traits. Across lactation, respiration-related CH4 traits slightly decreased, whereas eructation-related traits increased toward later lactation stages. Correlations between CH4-related breeding values and production traits were generally low to moderately negative, ranging from -0.24 to 0.08, indicating that selection for reduced CH4 emissions may be achievable without major unfavorable effects on milk production traits. To evaluate the complex relationships among CH4 emissions, production, behavior, environment, diet and genetic background, a structural equation model (SEM) was applied. Environmental conditions, particularly temperature and humidity, showed the strongest positive association with CH4 emissions, while eructation-related CH4 traits contributed more strongly to the latent CH4 construct than respiration-related traits. Behavioral activity, especially rumination, indicated relevant associations with CH4 expressions. The SEM further suggested that CH4 emissions are shaped by interconnected environmental, physiological and genetic pathways rather than by a single dominant factor. Overall, the results highlight the importance of environmental sensitivity and longitudinal biological variation in CH4 phenotypes under commercial dairy production conditions. Repeated on-farm CH4 measurements, particularly eructation-associated traits, may provide valuable indicator traits for future genomic breeding and management strategies to reduce the environmental footprint of dairy cattle production.

Rome V marks a paradigm shift in pediatric disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI). The new Rome V criteria introduced new, updated, and refined definitions for pediatric DGBI. A central feature of this framework is the shift toward anchoring diagnoses more firmly in pathophysiology and anatomic regions rather than age groups. Accordingly, the criteria are now organized into 2 major categories: upper gastrointestinal DGBI and lower gastrointestinal and biliary DGBI. Several new disorders have been added, including esophageal, feeding, and discomfort disorders, along with additional pain-related conditions. Existing criteria have been further refined, and emerging biomarkers are incorporated to support diagnoses. Finally, there is greater harmony between adult and pediatric diagnoses to support a seamless transition across the age continuum.

The Rome criteria have provided the acclaimed global standard for diagnosing pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders. With the release of Rome criteria V in 2026, the field has undergone a major transformation. The notable changes are the replacement of the term functional gastrointestinal disorders with disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs) and shifting from age-based subdivisions to an anatomical and symptom cluster framework.

Incretin-based therapies have transformed the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Established agents-the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) semaglutide and liraglutide, and the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide-are now widely used, while a diverse pipeline of multi-receptor agents is advancing through late-phase development. GLP-1 receptors are expressed in several oral and other craniofacial tissues, raising the question of how these drugs affect oral health. This narrative review (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov; January 2010-June 2026) integrates mechanistic studies, randomised controlled trials, pharmacovigilance data, society guidance, and the patient-facing phenomena increasingly raised in the dental chair. Preclinical and limited clinical evidence suggests that GLP-1 RAs may attenuate periodontal inflammation, while their effects on alveolar bone remain uncertain, reflecting both direct receptor and indirect metabolic influences. Concurrently, gastrointestinal adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, belching), reduced fluid intake, and possible salivary changes underlie a cluster of patient-reported complaints colloquially termed "Ozempic mouth", "Ozempic teeth", and "Ozempic breath", alongside the facial soft-tissue changes seen in "Ozempic face". Human oral-health-endpoint data remain scarce; much evidence is preclinical, indirect, or derived from case-level or pharmacovigilance reports. The oral cavity is nonetheless a plausible direct target of incretin pharmacotherapy and a practical monitoring site for tolerability. Dental practitioners should proactively manage the oral consequences of these agents, and validated oral health endpoints should be incorporated into future incretin trials.