Dopamine hydrochloride (DPH) is a key neurotransmitter, and its dysregulated concentration has been linked to various neurological disorders. Meanwhile, potassium permanganate (MnO4 [-]), a potent oxidant, poses significant environmental risks when discharged in excess. Therefore, sensitive detection of MnO4 [-] and DPH is essential. In this work, nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine tridoped carbon dots (N,S,F-CDs) were prepared through a hydrothermal route using Aconitum pendulum Busch extract as a biomass-derived carbon source, with thiourea and sodium fluoride serving as heteroatom dopants. The obtained N,S,F-CDs exhibited bright blue emission, good aqueous dispersibility, and a fluorescence quantum yield of 43.16%, with strong emission at 408 nm under 345-nm excitation. Upon addition of MnO4 [-], the fluorescence was efficiently suppressed owing to the combined contribution of inner-filter effect and dynamic quenching. Subsequent introduction of DPH reduced MnO4 [-] and recovered the fluorescence signal, enabling the construction of an "ON-OFF-ON" sensing platform. Under optimized conditions, the sensor displayed linear responses of 5.03-275.23 μM for MnO4 [-] and 6.11-371.02 μM for DPH, with detection limits of 0.25 and 0.68 μM, respectively. The method was further applied to tap water, serum, and orange juice samples with satisfactory recoveries, indicating its potential for environmental and bioanalytical detection.

The early developmental stages of fish exhibit the highest mortality and greatest environmental sensitivity throughout their life cycle. This period encompasses a series of crucial biological events, including morphogenesis, organ differentiation, and nutritional mode transition from fertilized eggs to newly hatched larvae. Although largemouth bass (Micropterus nigricans) is a commercially important fish species in China, the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing its endogenous nutritional stage remain largely unexplored. To elucidate the molecular basis of this critical period, we performed transcriptomic profiling across six consecutive developmental stages (Multicellular, Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula, Organogenesis, and 5 day post hatching larvae). Our results reveal stage-specific transcriptional programs: the multicellular-to-blastula transition is characterized by stage-specific enrichment of by cell cycle and DNA replication pathways, with MCM complex (mcm2-5) upregulation accelerating proliferation; the blastula-to-gastrula transition features activation of bmp4, fgfr2, and lft1 for germ layer induction; the neurula stage exhibits transcriptional bursts and enrichment of neural tube-related pathways; organogenesis involves simultaneous activation of focal adhesion (col1a1b, col4a5, tnc) and Wnt signaling (wnt1, wnt4, wnt3a) pathway; and 5 dph larvae show visual function maturation, with light transduction genes (gnat1, gnat2, gucy2f, pde6b) identified as hub genes. Mfuzz analysis further reveals sustained upregulation of Cluster 14 (igf2r、napin、vamp7、il1b、aco2) indicating functional maturation, while Cluster 29 (mcm10, espl1, cep152, cep44, cep295) confirms declining cell division activity. Collectively, this study provides a transcriptomic resource for understanding largemouth bass embryonic development and offers molecular insights for improving hatchery practices.

The growth and development of fish rely heavily on skeletal muscle. This study systematically characterized the morphological and developmental features of skeletal muscle in Megalobrama amblycephala during early development (0-90 days post-hatching, dph). It also determined the stage-specific contributions of hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and integrated transcriptomic and 16S rRNA sequencing analyses to preliminarily uncover the molecular regulatory network and gut microbiota adaptations associated with the rapid growth window from 15 to 20 dph. Morphological observations revealed that the length, diameter, number, and area of both red and white muscle fibers continuously increased with developmental age, and these changes were significantly synchronized with those in body length and weight. Myofiber hypertrophy predominated during juvenile growth, whereas mosaic hyperplasia was markedly enhanced at 15-20 dph, suggesting that this period represents a critical window for determining subsequent growth potential. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that upregulated KEGG pathways at 20 dph were significantly enriched in growth-related pathways, including FoxO, insulin, and AMPK signaling. Moreover, fast-twitch-specific genes (e.g., myl1, mylpfa, tnnc2.2, and tnni2a.2) and the myogenic regulatory factor myog were significantly upregulated, indicating active molecular programming toward a fast-twitch phenotype. Gut microbiota analysis showed a marked shift in microbial composition at 20 dph, with decreased Proteobacteria abundance and increased Actinobacteriota abundance. Spearman correlation analysis further revealed that 15 dph-dominant genera (such as Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas) were negatively correlated with fast-muscle genes, whereas 20 dph-enriched genera (such as Rubellimicrobium) showed positive correlations with myogenic marker genes. Functional prediction indicated enhanced metabolism of energy, amino acids, and carbohydrates at 20 dph, with reduced lipid metabolism, which closely mirrored transcriptomic trends. Collectively, the gut microbiota at 15-20 dph was highly synchronized with the activation of muscle developmental genes, constituting a key ecological factor supporting rapid growth. This study provides new insights into the multi-dimensional regulatory mechanisms of early muscle development in fish and offers a theoretical basis for strategies to enhance growth performance through microecological modulation in M. amblycephala aquaculture.

Singlet fission (SF) offers a pathway to surpass the Shockley-Queisser limit by converting one photoexcited singlet exciton into two triplet excitons. However, in molecular assemblies, this process commonly yields a strongly exchange-coupled correlated triplet pair, 1(TT), where intertriplet interactions facilitate geminate recombination and back-transfer to the singlet manifold. Here we implement an energy-gradient strategy in linear diphenylhexatriene (DPH) hetero-oligomers to guide postfission dynamics toward triplet-pair separation while minimizing thermodynamic loss. The hetero-oligomer series is constructed from two DPH-based building blocks with matched chromophore frameworks but offset triplet energies: a TIPS-substituted unit (T-DPH) and an alkyl-substituted unit (P-DPH). By positioning T-DPH units at the termini of the hetero-oligomers, we encode a modest downhill triplet-energy gradient (∼60 meV) that drives the migration of the triplet population away from the initially formed 1(TT) configuration toward the chain periphery. Using femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, we track the kinetic evolution from the singlet manifold through 1(TT) formation to a spatially separated, weakly exchange-coupled (T··T) state, and ultimately to free triplets. Magnetic-field-dependent transient absorption and photoluminescence measurements provide supporting evidence for population of a weak-exchange triplet-pair regime. Comparison with a homotrimer (PPP-DPH3) lacking energetic asymmetry directly isolates the role of this design lever, demonstrating that a ∼60 meV offset is sufficient to accelerate 1(TT) → (T··T) separation. Thus, this energy-gradient strategy enhances harvestable free-triplet yield while retaining the high triplet energy required for device-relevant SF optoelectronics and provides a simple and transferable design principle for SF materials that favor productive triplet-pair separation over geminate loss.

The development of antibacterial hydrogel with stretchable and self-healing properties is an urgent problem in the field of biomedical engineering. Herein, a series of hydrogels with antibacterial activity was successfully fabricated using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), borax, 4-formylphenyl-β-D-allopyranoside (HLC), 3,3'-dithiobis (propionohydrazide) (DPH) and ionic liquid, 1-aminopropyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C3MimNBr). The hydrogels were formed via in situ crosslinking through multiple dynamic covalent bonds, primarily including borate ester bonds, imine bonds and acylhydrazone bonds. A Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) revealed that the formed hydrogels possessed a typical three-dimensional network structure. Notably, the interpenetrating network structure endowed the hydrogels with excellent stretchability and self-healing capability, as demonstrated by their ability to be molded into various shapes and stretched up to five times their original length. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the hydrogel were affected by the amount of the ionic liquid added. Antibacterial evaluation using the colony counting method showed that the hydrogels exhibited outstanding antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). In summary, the multifunctional hydrogels, with favorable stretchability and antibacterial activity, represent promising alternative materials for biomedical engineering applications.

Temperature strongly influences metabolic performance and survival during the early life stages of cephalopods, yet the thermal requirements of octopus paralarvae remain poorly defined. This study examined the effects of temperature on metabolic rates and aerobic scope of gloomy octopus (Octopus tetricus) paralarvae to identify an optimal rearing temperature during the first four days post-hatch. Oxygen consumption was quantified using closed-system respirometry at six temperatures (12, 15, 18, 21, 24, and 27 °C) in paralarvae aged 0, 2, and 4 days post-hatch. Standard (SMR), routine (RMR), and maximum metabolic rates (MMR) were measured, and used to calculate aerobic scope (AS). Metabolic rates varied significantly with temperature, with both low and high thermal extremes depressing performance. AS exhibited a clear temperature-dependent parabolic pattern, peaking at 3.34 mg O2 gDW[-1] h[-1]. Quadratic modelling identified an optimal temperature (Topt) of 18.98 °C. Behavioural observations aligned with physiological trends as paralarvae at cooler temperatures showed reduced activity and delayed exhaustion, whereas elevated temperatures increased metabolic demand and reduced aerobic capacity. Temperature-dependent Q10 analyses revealed exceptionally high thermal sensitivity immediately post-hatch, which moderated rapidly by 4 dph, indicating strong early developmental constraints and a narrowing of physiological vulnerability with age. These findings indicate that rearing O. tetricus paralarvae at ∼19 °C maximizes aerobic performance during a critical developmental window when individuals transition from yolk utilisation to active predation. This study provides the first empirically derived Topt for any octopus paralarva and establishes a physiological basis for refining aquaculture protocols while informing predictions of early-life sensitivity to ocean warming.

Sleep disruption is common in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Diphenhydramine (DPH), a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties, is widely used as an over-the-counter sleep aid. We tested whether chronic DPH treatment alters sleep architecture in 5XFAD and wild-type mice. Female 5XFAD (n=16) and wild-type (WT) littermates (n=14) were implanted with wireless telemetry recording devices to measure electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), temperature, and activity continuously. After a 24h baseline recording at 5 months of age, mice received oral DPH (10 mg/kg) or vehicle at ZT0 for one month. After this chronic treatment, sleep was recorded continuously for 48h during ongoing dosing. Sleep was scored as rapid eye movement (REM), non-rapid eye movement (NREM) 1, NREM2, or wake. A survival curve analysis was used to investigate the microarchitecture of sleep phases after chronic diphenhydramine treatment. At baseline, 5XFAD mice had more time in NREM1 than WT controls and had shorter REM and NREM2 bouts. Chronic DPH treatment fragmented NREM2 in both genotypes, reducing long NREM2 bouts. DPH increased total duration of NREM1 and REM during the active phase, which is analogous to daytime drowsiness in humans. DPH did not rescue 5XFAD sleep deficits; instead, DPH treatment exacerbated NREM2 fragmentation. Overall, chronic DPH use degrades sleep quality and increases fragmentation in both WT and AD-model mice, which questions the use of sedating anticholinergics as sleep aids, especially in AD.

This study evaluated the suitability of a new copepod, Apocyclops cmfri, as a live feed for larval rearing of Siganus vermiculatus. Total length (TL) and mouth opening (MO) of rabbitfish larvae increased exponentially with age (initial TL = 2.04 ± 0.096 mm; growth rate = 0.0657 day[-1] ± 0.00166; t-values for a and b = 21.13 and 39.69; p < 0.001). Segmented regression analysis of MO-TL relationship identified a significant breakpoint at TL ≈ 8.96 mm (95% confidence interval), indicating a threshold for ingestion of A. cmfri adults and the gut content analysis confirmed the same. Feeding experiments from 22 day post hatch (dph), with larvae fed either Artemia nauplii alone at 5 or 1 individuals mL[-1] or a combination of A. cmfri (4 individuals mL[-1]) and Artemia nauplii (1 individuals mL[-1]) revealed that at 50 dph, larvae fed Artemia nauplii alone at 5 individuals mL[-1] achieved a length gain of 232.24% (survival 43.33%; metamorphosis rate 46.67%), which was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from that fed the combination of A. cmfri adults and Artemia nauplii (222.37% length gain, 40.0% survival; 43.66% metamorphosis rate). Essential amino acids constituted 59.58% and 50.58% of the total amino acids in A. cmfri adults and unenriched Artemia nauplii respectively. In A. cmfri adults, EPA and DHA were 2.1 and 3.8% (in 1:1.81 ratio) whereas in unenriched Artemia nauplii, the content was minimal. These findings support the use of A. cmfri as a viable partial replacement to Artemia nauplii for sustainable marine hatchery practices.

Synaptonemal complex protein 3 (Scp3), a structural component of the synaptonemal complex, serves as a key molecular marker for studying meiosis and germ cell development in teleosts. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of germ cell meiosis and identify critical windows for sex differentiation in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), a flatfish of considerable economic value in global aquaculture, this study cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of the scp3 gene. The obtained sequence is 1094 bp in length, containing an open reading frame of 717 bp that encodes a polypeptide of 238 amino acids, with bioinformatic analyses revealing characteristic coiled-coil domains. Tissue distribution analysis demonstrated that scp3 expression was predominantly restricted to the gonads. Quantitative PCR in an all-female lineage revealed that transcripts were initially detectable at 25 days post-hatching (dph), remained low until 55 dph, and increased significantly thereafter, peaking after 80 dph (p < 0.05). In situ hybridization localized scp3 mRNA to the cytoplasm of early primary oocytes. The expression window, initiating at 25 dph and intensifying from 60 dph, aligns with the initiation of meiotic prophase I and precedes morphological sex differentiation. These results indicate that scp3 functions as a reliable noninvasive molecular marker for the onset of meiosis in female turbot and may play a specific role in oocyte proliferation. This study provides a crucial theoretical foundation and key temporal information for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of sex differentiation and advancing all-female population cultivation in turbot.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has evolved into a critical global health security challenge, threatening the effectiveness of modern medicine and increasing morbidity and mortality worldwide. This review integrates current evidence on the molecular and environmental drivers of AMR, alongside global epidemiological patterns, resistome dynamics, and one health-based intervention strategy. Recent surveillance data indicate that AMR contributes to approximately 4.7 million deaths annually, with the highest burden concentrated in low- and middle-income countries, where resistance rates in key pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus remain alarmingly high. At the molecular level, AMR is driven primarily by horizontal gene transfer mediated by mobile genetic elements, including plasmids, integrons, and transposons, enabling rapid dissemination of multidrug resistance among clinically important pathogens, including critical high-risk threats and critical multidrug-resistant organisms. Environmental reservoirs, including wastewater effluents, agricultural runoff, soil, and hospital discharge systems, serve as major hotspots for the selection and amplification of resistance genes. These environments facilitate the evolution of environmental resistomes, in which subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations, heavy metals, and other pollutants exert strong coselective pressures. Additionally, biofilm formation, metabolic adaptation, and climate-related stressors further increase the persistence and spread of resistance determinants. The integration of genomic surveillance and metagenomic approaches have improved the understanding of resistome structure and transmission pathways, yet significant gaps remain in linking environmental and clinical datasets. To address these challenges, emerging One Health strategies emphasize coordinated interventions across the human, animal, and environmental sectors. Novel approaches such as antimicrobial stewardship, phage therapy, CRISPR-based antimicrobials, and AI-driven drug discovery are being explored alongside improved diagnostics and environmental control measures. Collectively, a cross-sectoral, integrated One Health framework is essential to mitigate the emergence of AMR and sustain antimicrobial efficacy globally.

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most aggressive and therapeutically challenging primary brain tumor and is characterized by strong heterogeneity, rapid progression, and poor clinical outcomes. Accumulating evidence indicates that the immune-angiogenic axis is a major contributor to GBM progression and therapeutic resistance, coordinating dynamic interactions among tumor cells, immune populations, and the vascular network within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Aberrant angiogenesis, driven primarily by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and other proangiogenic mediators, promotes the formation of structurally abnormal and highly permeable blood vessels that worsen hypoxia, facilitate tumor invasion, impair immune cell trafficking, and limit clinical intervention. The GBM TME is characterized by profound immunosuppression, in which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and dysfunctional lymphocytes promote immune evasion and tumor progression. Immune and angiogenic pathways are interconnected through reciprocal signaling networks that sustain vascular remodeling, reinforces immune evasion, and disease progression. This bidirectional crosstalk contributes to the limited efficacy of current therapies, including antiangiogenic agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, by promoting adaptive resistance and tumor plasticity. Despite substantial advances in understanding the immune-angiogenic axis, important questions remain regarding the relative contributions of distinct cellular populations, the mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance and the translation of emerging molecular insights into clinically effective therapies. This review critically synthesizes the established mechanisms of immune-vascular crosstalk while distinguishing emerging concepts supported primarily by preclinical evidence, including macrophage heterogeneity, spatial immune organization, and biomarker-guided therapeutic strategies. By integrating vascular biology, immune regulation, and therapeutic resistance into a unified conceptual framework, this review highlights the current knowledge, unresolved questions, and future opportunities for biomarker-guided combination therapies. Emerging technologies, including single-cell transcriptomics, spatial profiling, and artificial intelligence-assisted multiomics, are discussed as enabling platforms for patient stratification and precision therapeutic development rather than as therapeutic endpoints themselves.

Polysubstance use is rising and linked to heightened overdose rates and increased treatment challenges, further exacerbated by increasing detection of adulterants (e.g., xylazine) in the street drug supply. Harm reduction groups provide sterile syringes in exchange for used ones, creating a unique opportunity to characterize prevalent polysubstance combinations and inform translational and preclinical research We analyzed residues from used syringes (N=3,168) obtained from several harm reduction organizations in Jefferson County, KY (Jan-Dec 2025) for the presence of substances using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We classified compounds as adulterants (e.g., diphenhydramine [DPH]/Benadryl), byproducts/precursors of synthesis (e.g., 4-ANPP), and recreational drugs (e.g., meth). We excluded byproducts/precursors and determined the most frequent substance and pairs/trios containing one or more recreational substance. Results. Of 3,168 syringes, 2,522 (79.61%) tested positive for substances. Out of those positive, the top recreational substances were meth (n=1,387; 54.99%), fentanyl (n=1,220; 48.37%), and heroin (n=653; 25.89%). Top adulterants were DPH (n=1021; 40.48%), dimethyl sulfone (n=749; 29.69%), and lidocaine (n=736; 29.18%). The most common pairs were DPH+fentanyl (n=670; 26.57%), lidocaine+fentanyl (n=659; 26.13%), dimethyl sulfone+meth (n=621; 24.62%), and fentanyl+heroin (n=484; 19.19%). The most common trios were DPH+lidocaine+fentanyl (n=369; 14.63%), DPH+fentanyl+heroin (n=327; 12.97%), lidocaine+fentanyl+heroin (n=297; 11.77%), diphenhydramine+xylazine+fentanyl (n=273; 10.82%), and meth+lidocaine+fentanyl (n=262; 10.39%). Our findings highlight evolving patterns of multiple-opioid and opioid-stimulant polysubstance use, generating insights that can be rapidly applied to strengthen clinical, preclinical, and translational polysubstance research. These insights allow for investigations into biobehavioral mechanisms and consequences of emerging use patterns, accelerating development of novel therapeutics.