The International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for adult male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction provides the terminology to categorise patients based on their symptoms, signs, and study findings. It is designed to standardise communication among health care professionals involved in the care of men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The 2026 European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and the 2026 American Urological Association Guideline on the Management of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Attributed to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia are key references in the diagnosis and treatment of male patients with LUTS. The purpose of this paper is to examine how these prominent guidelines align with ICS terminology, which is considered the gold standard for the communication of male LUTS.

Accurate discrimination between prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remains clinically challenging. Here, we developed a multiprobe serum surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing platform comprising Ag NPs (Ag), 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA)@Ag, 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (MPBA)@Ag, and 4-aminothiophenol (ATP)@Ag, together with a molecular probe-guided spectral feature selection and multiview fusion (MPGSF) strategy for classifying PCa, BPH, and healthy group samples. The probe-modified substrates provided distinct surface-chemical interfaces and reporter-peak modulation patterns. MPGSF selected Raman-shift windows from probe-induced differential responses by integrating the peak intensity, local signal-to-noise ratio, repeated-measurement stability, and extracted sample-level multiview features from measured spectra. In sample-level cross-validation, the MPGSF-random forest (RF) model achieved 92.44% accuracy and 92.13% macro-F1, outperforming single-view and full-spectrum concatenation baselines. In the independent batch hold-out validation set, it maintained 90.00% accuracy and 89.95% macro-F1. Among PCa samples with prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography molecular-imaging reference information, the PCa recognition consistency was 39/43 (90.7%). Feature-contribution analysis showed that all four SERS views contributed to classification, with high-contribution windows located in serum-response regions with potential biochemical relevance. MPGSF-guided multiprobe SERS provides an interpretable analytical framework for minimally invasive auxiliary classification of prostate diseases.

Introduction Prostate adenocarcinoma is a significant health concern with variable clinical outcomes. While markers such as serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are used for screening, these have limitations in predicting tumor behavior. The identification of reliable prognostic biomarkers is crucial for guiding treatment decisions. This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of p53 and Ki-67 in prostatic lesions and correlate their expression with Gleason grade. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 prostate specimens, comprising 25 cases of Prostate adenocarcinoma and 25 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for p53 and Ki-67 was performed on all cases. The expression of these markers was then correlated with the histological grade (using the Gleason grading system) and preoperative serum PSA levels. Results Patients with prostate adenocarcinoma presented at a slightly older age than those with BPH. Serum PSA levels showed wide variability among patients with carcinoma and did not correlate significantly with Gleason grade. While p53 expression was observed in a subset of Prostate adenocarcinomas, p53 is expressed but lacks significant clinicopathological correlation. In contrast, the Ki-67 proliferation index was significantly higher in prostate adenocarcinoma than in BPH (p<0.05) and demonstrated a significant positive correlation with increasing Gleason scores, indicating its value as a marker of tumor proliferation, poor differentiation, and aggressive biological behavior. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that the expression of Ki-67, a marker of cellular proliferation, is significantly increased in malignant lesions when compared with benign lesions. Tumors showing positivity for p53 and Ki-67 on biopsy are likely to exhibit aggressive biological behavior and may therefore serve as independent prognostic indicators in cases with a higher risk of metastasis. However, further prospective studies incorporating long-term clinical follow-up and detailed molecular genetic analyses are required to elucidate the biological role of these immunohistochemical markers and to determine their true prognostic value in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma.